Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chapter 1
Contents
Basic conception Production system and its classification Organization of production system Operations Management &Operations Strategy The Classical View of Operations Strategy Modern Operations Strategy and Competition Matching Process and Product Life Cycles Capacity Growth Planning
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Task of enterprise
Through production activities, with less inputs, obtain more product outputs to gain economic and social benefits
The activities of enterprises 1. Decision activities: 2. Technology activities: 3. Supply activities: 4. Manufacturing activities: 5. Sales activities: 6. Financial activities:
System view: An enterprise is a large system. A production system is a subsystem of the whole enterprise system, and its main function is producing products.
A production system: uses operations resources to transforms inputs into some desired outputs.
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Production system
Decision
management
Decision
feedback
Supplier
input
Materials, Capital Demand, Information, Energy
feedback Decision
feedback
customer output
End products, services
transform
Manufacturing Assembling Storing, Service Transportation
Inputs-transformation -outputs
example
System Primary inputs Resources
Desired outputs
automobile plant
wholesale center
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Difficulties
Different type of products needs different production process, needs different layout of equipments. Product change, layout changes The production proportion of different type of products often changes, so workforce organizing, equipments arranging , production scheduling are very difficult and needs to adjust continuously. The requirement of production capacity is dynamic, the load-balance and the synchronization of production process are very difficult but necessary.
Annual plan is usually inaccurate, while short plans (monthly/weekly) are the keys.
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Continuous flow
few few high low steady
Discrete
many many low high Change
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Continuous flow
High dense Capital high continuous great effect High requirement few high low high low Low easy
Discrete
High dense workforce Low comparatively discontinuous effect Low many Low comparatively high low high high difficulty
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(3) Simple production planning and scheduling : once a production line is set up properly, it will keep going on some rhythm.
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Characteristic:
low volume, low production stability the high productivity special equipments can not be used there are many products in production at the same time so that the management is very complex. e.g. bus , car, elevator
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Management emphasis :
optimize product mix to pursue the largest economic benefits after satisfying the market demand and production resources constraints. use the GT production cell, and production line, improve the connection between processes. arrange reasonably the product kind, quantity and interval to produce products in batches and in turns. control and balance WIP, logistic and product inventory
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Characteristics:
(1) different kind of products needs different production process. (2) every order has only one or several quantity, with difference delivery time. (3) general equipments are required, which need a long adjustment period with low efficiency to different product (4) workers are also required to be generalists.
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Make to stock
Characteristic:
(1) production based on the forecasting (2) mass production, in big batch (3) high product inventory (4) high productivity (5) simple production organization
Disadvantage:
high risk of excess inventory or order of stock
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the most mature production mode, the production of parts and components are with following properties:
high standardization and generalization parts or components
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Order order
Engineer to OrderETO
Make to OrderMTO
Assembly to OrderATO
Delivery
order
Make to StockMTS order design purchase manufacture assembly delivery
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ATO
Production batch
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A production system is usually divided into basic units, e.g. workshop, workshop section, and working team, and all these units can be organized on the following three basic principles: 1. Process specialization 2. Object specialization 3. Group technology
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Disadvantages
(1) low equipment utilization rate; (2) the whole unit can be influenced once an equipment breakdown; (3) low production flexibility
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2improved operator expertise. Worker only make limited type partsrepetition means quick learning.
3Less in-process inventory and material handling. A cell include several production stages, like a production line. 4faster production setup. similar products, fewer tool changes, so fewer setup.
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warehouse
warehouse
customer
Process
Group cell
customer
warehouse
warehouse customer
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Product??
The End !
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