Statistics Idiots Guide!

Dr. Hamda Qotba, B.Med.Sc,

M.D, ABCM

Definition
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarising, analysing, and making inference from data

Descriptive stat. Includes collecting, organizing, summarising, analysing, and presenting data

Inferential stat. Includes Making inferences, hypothesis testing Determining relationship, and making prediction
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Variables

Quantitative Discrete Continuous

Qualitative Ordinal Categorical

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Parametric Vs. non parametric tests

Parametric: decision making method where the distribution of the sampling statistic is known Non-Parametric: decision making method which does not require knowledge of the distribution of the sampling statistic
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t-Test
Compare the means of a continuous variable into samples in order to determine whether or not the difference between the 2 expected means exceed the difference that would be expected by chance

What is probability the mean will differ?

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Requirements
The observations are independent Drawn from normally distributed population Sample size < 30 if its >30 use normal curve z test (binomial test)

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Types of t-Test
One sample t test: test if a sample mean for a variable differs significantly from the given population with a known mean Unpaired or independent t test: test if the population means estimated by independent 2 samples differ significantly (group of male and group of female)

Paired t test: test if the population means estimated by dependent samples differ significantly (mean of pre and post treatment for same set of patients Dr.H.Qotba

chi test
Used to test strength of association between qualitative variables Used for categorical data

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Requirements
Data should be in form of frequency Total number of observed must exceed 20 Expected frequency in one category or in any cell must be >5 (When 1 of the cells have <5
in observed yats correction) or if (When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact)

The group compared must be approximately the same

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Correlation and Regression

Methods to study magnitude of the association and the functional relationship between two or more variables

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Correlation
Denote strength of relationship between variables

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Regression
Method thats indicate a mathematical relationship between a dependant and one or more independent variables Simple linear regression and multiple regression are appropriate for continuous variables like(BP, Weight) Logistic regression applicable for binary response like alive/dead
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Measures
If parametric
Pearson correlation coeff.
Continuous variables Linear relationship

If nonparametric
Spearman rank
Both variables are continuous

Kendalls tau
Two ordinal or one ordinal one continuous
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ANOVA
is used to uncover the main and interaction effects of categorical independent variables (called "factors") on an interval dependent variable

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Types of ANOVA
One-way ANOVA tests differences in a single interval dependent variable among two, three, or more groups formed by the categories of a single categorical independent variable.

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 Two-way ANOVA analyzes one interval dependent in terms of the categories (groups) formed by two independents, one of which may be conceived as a control variable Multivariate or n-way ANOVA. To generalize, n-way ANOVA deals with n independents. It should be noted that as the number of independents increases, the number of potential interactions proliferates
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How to select appropriate statistical test

Type of variables
Quantitative (blood pres.) Qualitative (gender)

Type of research question

Association Comparison Risk factor

Data structure
Independent Paired Dr.H.Qotba matched
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Body of research question Association of 2 variable(dep, indep)

Types of variable Dependent independent

Test chi-square

categorical

categorical

categorical
Quantitative

Quantitative
categorical

Log. regression
2 out come T test 3+out come ANOVA
Spearman Correlation linear Regression
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Quantitative

Quantitative
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Comparing (difference) variables

Variable
Quantitative

Number of independent variable 2 groups paired data >2groups T test MannWhitney Paired T test Wilcoxon McNemar ANOVA Kruskal wallis chi-square

Ordinal

Categorical chi-square*

* When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction
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Looking for Risk Factor

Types of variables Test Dependent several indepen.

categorical quantitative quantitative

categorical categorical quantitative

Multiple log. Regression ANOVA Linear, log regression

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