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MAIMUN SYUKRI
Batasan Hipertensi
1. Bila tekanan sistolik >= 140 mmHg, dan atau tekanan diastolik >= 90 mmHg, atau sedang mendapat obat antihipertensi.
2. Dilakukan dua kali atau lebih pengukuran pada dua kali atau lebih kunjungan.
Stage 2 Hypertension
>160
or
>100
WHO/ISH 2003.
ESC/ESH 2003 .
Category
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) <80 <85 8589 9099 100109 110 <90 <90
Brit Med J 2004 328:634-40.
Hypertension Grade 1 (mild) 140159 Grade 2 (moderate) 160179 Grade 3 (severe) 180 Isolated Systolic Hypertension Grade 1 140 - 159 Grade 2 >160
AUSTRALIA 2003
BP Measurement Techniques
Method In-office Brief Description Two readings, 5 minutes apart, sitting in chair. Confirm elevated reading in contralateral arm. Indicated for evaluation of whitecoat HTN. Absence of 1020% BP decrease during sleep may indicate increased CVD risk. Provides information on response to therapy. May help improve adherence to therapy and evaluate white-coat HTN.
Ambulatory BP monitoring
Self-measurement
JNC 7 2003
Office BP Measurement
Use auscultatory method with a properly calibrated and validated instrument. Patient should be seated quietly for 5 minutes in a chair (not on an exam table), feet on the floor, and arm supported at heart level. Appropriate-sized cuff should be used to ensure accuracy.
Patient should be seated and relaxed, preferably for several minutes prior to the measurement and in a quiet room.
Appropriate cuff size.
Average the readings. If the firsty two readings differ by more than 10 mmHg systolic or 6 mmHg diastolic or if the initial readings are high, take several readings after five minutes of quiet rest, until consecutive readings do not vary by greater than these amounts.
Ideally, patients should not take caffeine-containing beverages or smoke for at least two hours before blood pressure is measured, .. Australia, 2004
Measure blood pressure 1 and 5 min after assumption of the standing position in elderly subjects, diabetic patients,..
Measure heart rate by pulse palpation (30 s) after the second measurement in the sitting position.
HIPERTENSI
Tekanan Darah :
Rata-rata dari 2 kali pemeriksaan
Pengukuran pada waktu yang berbeda Pengukuran pada waktu duduk
12
TD kekuatan darah ketika melewati dinding arteri Jenis Hipertensi Hipertensi Resisten Hipertensi Emergensi Hipertensi Urgensi Berdasarkan Penyebab Hipertensi Primer idiopatik 90-95% Hipertensi Skunder Sistemik
Prevalensi Hipertensi
USA Penduduk dewasa) 50 Juta dari total ( 1 dari 4 orang
Indonesia
Etiology
Primary hypertension 95% of all cases Secondary hypertension 5% of all cases Chronic renal disease most common
Drug-induced or related causes Chronic kidney disease Primary aldosteronism Renovascular disease Chronic steroid therapy and Cushings syndrome Pheochromocytoma Coarctation of the aorta Thyroid or parathyroid disease
Category
Loss of compliance (Dissecting) aneurysm Peripheral occlusive arterial disease Nephrosclerosis
Kidney
20
Laboratory Tests
Routine Tests Electrocardiogram Urinalysis Blood glucose, and hematocrit Serum potassium, creatinine, or the corresponding estimated GFR, and calcium Lipid profile, after 9- to 12-hour fast, that includes high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides Optional tests Measurement of urinary albumin excretion or albumin/creatinine ratio More extensive testing for identifiable causes is not generally indicated unless BP control is not achieved
Treatment Overview
Goals of therapy
Lifestyle modification
Pharmacologic treatment Algorithm for treatment of hypertension
Goals of Therapy
Reduce CVD and renal morbidity and mortality.
Treat to BP <140/90 mmHg or BP <130/80 mmHg in patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
Achieve SBP goal especially in persons >50 years of age.
Consequences of hypertension
Cardiac disease Left ventricular failure Angina Myocardial infarction Cerebrovascular disease Transient ischemic attacks Stroke Multi-infarct dementia Hypertensive encephalopathy
Consequences of hypertension
Vascular disease Aortic aneurysm Occlusive peripheral vascular disease Arterial dissection
Others Progressive renal failure Hypertensive retinopathy
Risk of Hypertension
Advancing age Positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease Smoking Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertension is thought to account for : - Onehalf of all deaths due to stroke - Up to one quarter of coronary heart disease deaths
Isolated Systolic hypertension increase the risk of : stroke and coronary heart disease by about 40% cardiovascular death by about 50% heart failure by about 50%
Aetiology of hypertension
Essential hypertension (primer/idiopathic hypertension remain uncertain (genetic and environmental factors contribute to development of hypertension)
Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension
Renal parenchymal disease, causes : - the glomerulonephritides - diabetic nephropathy - analgesic nephropathy - adult polycystic kidney disease Renal artery stenosis Primary hyperaldosteronism Phaeochromocytoma
Secondary hypertension
Aortic coarctation Cushings syndrome Drug induced hypertension
- the oral contraception pill - steroids - NSAID - immunosuppressive - sympathomimetics - anabolic steroids - erythropoieti n - monoamin oxidase inhibitors Thyrotoxicosis Rare monogenic syndrome
II
III IV
Treatment
Non Pharmacotherapy (lifestyle modification) Pharmacotherapy
Pengobatan
Tujuan:
ANGKA KESAKITAN KERUSAKAN ORGAN TARGET ANGKA KEMATIAN
Sasaran Pengelolaan
Menilai gaya hidup dan identifikasi faktor risiko kardiovaskular lain atau gangguan yang menyertai yang dapat mempengaruhi prognosis & pengobatan
Preventif
Untuk mencegah atau memperlambat terjadinya Hipertensi Merupakan solusi jangka panjang masalah hipertensi Mencegah terjadi komplikasi Dapat menghentikan atau mengurangi biaya pengobatan dan komplikasi
Preventif
Upaya preventif primer: Terhadap individu yang potensial hipertensi: TD normal tinggi Riwayat keluarga hipertensi Obesitas Konsumsi tinggi garam Kurang aktifitas Konsumsi tinggi alkohol
Diharapkan prevalensi Hipertensi turun
Deteksi
Dilakukan di fasilitas kesehatan dengan alat ukur yang standar dan cara yang benar Pasien diberitahu tentang makna TDnya Pasien dianjurkan melakukan pemeriksaan periodik sesuai dengan TD pertama Diharapkan ditemukan kasus tahap awal
Evaluasi
Mencari penyebab hipertensi (sekunder) Memeriksa adanya kerusakan organ target dan penyakit lain Mencari faktor risiko Mengetahui respon pengobatan, efek samping dan kepatuhan pasien
II 12 risk factors
IV ACC
BP TARGETS:
CKD
PROTEINURIA > 1 g/d
Lifestyle Modification
Modification Approximate SBP reduction (range) 520 mmHg/10 kg weight loss 814 mmHg 28 mmHg 49 mmHg 24 mmHg
Weight reduction Adopt DASH eating plan Dietary sodium reduction Physical activity Moderation of alcoholconsumption
F I T
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
For patients who are prescribed pharmacological therapy: Exercise should be prescribed as adjunctive therapy
Treatment of Hypertension
Diuretic ACE-Inh ARB Beta blocker Alpha blocker Direct renin inhibitor
Treatment Algorithm for Adults with SystolicDiastolic Hypertension without another compelling indication
TARGET <140/90 mmHg
Thiazide
ACE-I
ARB
Long-acting DHP-CCB
Betablocker
Diuretics
-blockers
-blockers
Ca Antagonist
ACE Inhibitors
2003 Guidelines for Management of Hypertension, J of Hypertension 2003 C.I. : Verapamil + Blocker ESH-ESC 2003
Lifestyle Modification
Encourage
Yes Yes
No drug indicated Thiazide-type diuretics for most; may consider ACE-I, ARB, BB, CCB, or combination 2-drug combination for most (usually thiazide-type diuretic and ACE-I, ARB, BB, or CCB)
Drug(s) for the compelling indications Drug(s) for the compelling indications; other antihypertensive drugs (diuretics, ACE-I, ARB, BB, CCB) as needed Drug(s) for the compelling indications; other antihypertensive drugs (diuretics, ACE-I, ARB, BB, CCB) as needed
Yes
ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin-receptor blocker; BB = beta blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker. Chobanian AV et al. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.
PROGRESS
JNC 7 2003