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Lesson 9
additivity
Now, since we doubled x we should be able to double the value that y had when x = 1 and get y = 10. In this case we get y = (2)(6) = 12, which obviously is not 10, so homogenity does not hold.
We conclude that Eq 9.2 is not a linear equation. In some ways that goes against the gain of what we have been taught about linear equations.
y
Lnear
y 2 0
Not Linear
0
5
Eq 9.3 Eq 9.4
Eq 9.5
Eq 9.6
I0
6 12
+ _
Assume I0 = 1 A. Work back to find that this gives VS = 45 V. But since VS = 90 V this means the true I0 = 2 A.
I0 4 2
IS
Since IS NEW = 3xIS OLD we conclude I0 NEW = 3xI0 OLD. Thus, I0 NEW = 3x4 = 12 A.
10
( I S )( R1 ) I0 ( K )( I s ) ( R1 R2 )
Eq 9.7
The equation is of the same form of y = mx, which we saw was linear. Therefore, if R1 and R2 are constants then the circuit is linear.
12
The property of superposition states that if f1 and f2 Are applied together, the output y will be,
y = y1 + y2 = k1f1 + k2f2
13
I
V1 + _ R3 R2
V1
+ _
I1
R3
R2
I2
R3
R2
V1 produces current I1
V2 produces current I2
Superposition states that the current, I, produced by both sources acting together (Fig 9.4) is the same as the sum of the currents, I1 + I2, where I1 is produced by V1 and I2 is produced by V2.
16
VB
_
VA
+
_
_ VC +
VA = 10 V, VB = 5 V, VC = 15 V
Figure 9.5: Circuit for Example 9.3 With all sources acting: IL = 6 A
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3
+
VB VC
_ +
VA
+
_
VA = 10 V, VB = 5 V, VC = 15 V
IA+B = 3 A IC = 3 A
VS = 54 V
Figure 9.5: Circuit for Example 9.4. First, deactivate the source IS and find I in the 6 resistor. Second, deactivate the source VS and find I in the 6 resistor.
19
VS = 54 V
IVs = 3 A
20
Is IS = 3 A
12 6
3 x12 IS 2 A (3 12)
Total current I: I = IS + Ivs = 5 A
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CIRCUITS
End of Lesson 9
Linearity and Superposition