Bolt Pressure Distribution

ME 307
Machine
Design I
CH-8 LEC 36 Slide 1 Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-1 Thread Standards and Definitions
8-2 The Mechanics of Power Screws
8-3 Strength Constraints
8-4 Joints-Fasteners Stiffness
8-5 Joints-Member Stiffness
8-6 Bolt Strength
8-7 Tension Joints-The External Load
8-8 Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
8-9 Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload
8-10 Gasketed Joints
8-11 Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
8-12 Shear Joints
8-13 Setscrews
8-14 Keys and Pins
8-15 Stochastic Considerations
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-3 Strength Constraints
8-4 Joints-Fasteners Stiffness
8-5 Joints-Member Stiffness
8-6 Bolt Strength

ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-4 Joints: Fastener Stiffness
When a connection is desired that can be disassembled without destructive
methods and that is strong enough to resist external tensile loads, moment
loads, and shear loads, or a combination of these, then the simple bolted joint
using hardened steel washers is a good solution.
Twisting the nut stretches the bolt to
produce the clamping force. This clamping
force is called the pretention or bolt
preload.
This force exists in the connection after the
nut has been properly tightened.
Figure 8-13
A bolted connection loaded in tension by the forces P.
Note the use of two washers. Note how the threads
extend into the body of the connection. This is usual and
is desired. L
G
is the grip of the connection.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Figure 8-14
Section of cylindrical pressure vessel.
Hexagon-head caps crews are used to
fasten the cylinder head to the body.
Note the use of an O-ring seal. LG is
the effective length of the connection
(See Table 8-7) .
Joints: Fastener Stiffness
Figure 8-14 shows another
tension-loaded connection. This
joint uses cap screws threaded
into one of the members.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
An alternative approach to this problem
(of not using a nut) would be to use studs.

A stud is a rod threaded on both ends. The
stud is screwed into the lower member
first; then the top member is positioned
and fastened down with hardened washers
and nuts

Studs are regarded as permanent, and so
the joint can be disassembled merely by
removing the nut and washer.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Spring Rate : The ratio between the
force applied to the member and the
deflection produced by that force.

The grip L
G
of a connection is the total
thickness of the clamped material.

Total distance between the underside of
the nut to the bearing face of the bolt
head; includes washer, gasket thickness
etc.

The grip L
G
here is the sum
of the thicknesses of both
members and both washers.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Table 8-7
Suggested Procedure for Finding
fastener Stiffness
To find different parameters use table
8-7
ME 307
Machine
Design I
In joint under tension the members are under compression and the bolt under
tension: k
b
= equivalent spring constant of bolt composed of threaded k
t
and
unthreaded k
d
parts acting as springs in series.
1 1 1
,
b d t
d t
b
d t
d t
d t
d t
d t
b
d t t d
k k k
k k
k
k k
A E A E
k k
l l
A A E
k
A l Al
= +
=
+
= =
=
+
A
t
: tensile stress area (Tables 8-1, 8-2), l
t
: length of threaded portion of the
grip; A
d
: major diameter area of fastener; l
d
: length of unthreaded portion in
grip. k
b
: is the estimated effective stiffness of the bolt or cap screw in the
clamped zone.
For short bolts
k
b
= k
t

From Chapter 5
(Springs in series)
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-5 Joints- Member Stiffness
ME 307
Machine
Design I
There may be more than two members included in the grip
of the fastener.
All together these act like compressive springs in series.
Equivalent spring constant k
m

If one of the members is a soft gasket, its stiffness relative
to the other members is usually so small that for all
practical purposes the others can be neglected and only
gasket stiffness used.
With no gasket, the stiffness of the members is difficult to
obtain, except by experimentation.
Compression spreads out between the bolt head and the
nut and area is not uniform.
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
....
m i
k k k k k
= + + +
8-5 Joints- Member Stiffness
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-5 Joints Member Stiffness
Joint pressure distribution theoretical models
Ito used ultrasonic techniques to determine pressure distribution at
the member interface. Results show that pressure stays high out to
about 1.5 bolt radii.
Ito suggested the use of Rotschers pressure cone method for stiffness
calculations with a variable cone angle. This method is quite
complicated.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Figure 8-15
ME 307
Machine
Design I
We choose a simpler approach using a fixed
cone angle.
The contraction of an element of the cone of
thickness dx is subjected to a compressive
force P is, from Eq. (5-3),

The area of the element is

Pdx
d
EA
o =
Figure 8-15b general cone
geometry using a half-apex
angle o.
( )
2 2
2 2
0
tan
2 2
tan tan
2 2
i
D d
A r r x
D d D d
x x
t t o
t o o
(
| | | |
= = +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

+ | | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Substituting this into the previous equation and integrating the resulting
equation from 0 to t gives.

For Members made of Aluminum, hardened steel and cast iron 25
o
<o<33
o

With o=30
o
, this becomes

(2 tan )( )
ln
tan (2 tan )( )
tan
(2 tan )( )
ln
(2 tan )( )
P t D d D d
Ed t D d D d
P Ed
k
t D d D d
t D d D d
o
o
t o o
t o
o
o
o
+ +
=
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
(8-19)
0.574
(1.55 )( )
ln
(1.55 )( )
E d
k
t D d D d
t D d D d
t
==
+ +
+ +
(8-20)
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Substituting this into the previous equation and integrating the resulting
equation from 0 to t gives.

With o=30
o
, this becomes

(2 tan )( )
ln
tan (2 tan )( )
tan
(2 tan )( )
ln
(2 tan )( )
P t D d D d
Ed t D d D d
P Ed
k
t D d D d
t D d D d
o
o
t o o
t o
o
o
o
+ +
=
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
(8-19)
0.574
(1.55 )( )
ln
(1.55 )( )
E d
k
t D d D d
t D d D d
t
==
+ +
+ +
(8-20)
ME 307
Machine
Design I
If members of the joint have the same E with symmetrical frusta (l=2t),
then they act as two identical springs in series k
m
= k/2. For o= 30 and
D = d
w
= 1.5 d, this can be written as,

Finite element analysis agree with o = 30
o
recommendation coinciding
exactly at the aspect ratio d/l = 0.4.
Additionally, FEM offered an exponential curve-fit of the form

where A and B are given in Table 8-8.
0.5774
0.5774 0.5
2ln 5
0.5774 2.5
m
E d
k
l d
l d
t
=
| |
+
|
+
\ .
(8-22)
( / ) Bd l
m
k
Ae
Ed
=
(8-23)
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Figure 8-16
The dimensionless plot
of stiffness versus aspect
ratio of the members of
a bolted joint, showing
the relative accuracy of
method of Rotsher,
Michke and Motosh,
compared to Finite
Element Analysis (FEA)
conducted by Wileman,
Choudury, and Green.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Bolt strength is specified by:

1. minimum proof strength S
p

2. or minimum proof load F
p
,
3. and minimum tensile strength, S
ut

The proof load is the maximum load (force)
that a bolt can withstand without acquiring
a permanent set.
The proof strength is the quotient of the
proof load and the tensile-stress area.
The proof strength is about 90% of the 0.2%
offset yield strength.
8-6 Bolt Strength
ME 307
Machine
Design I
The SAE specifications are given in
Table 8-9 bolt grades are numbered
according to minimum tensile strength.
The ASTM Specs for steel bolts (structural)
are in Table 8-10.
Metric Specs are in Table 8-11.
If S
p
not available use:

S
p
=0.85 S
y

F
p
= A
t
S
p

8-6 Bolt Strength
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-6 Bolt Strength
ME 307
Machine
Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I

Bolt Pressure Distribution

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Bolt Pressure Distribution

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

ME 307

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen