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ORBIT
BONY CAVITY WHICH HOUSES THE EYEBALL 4 WALLS - ROOF,FLOOR, MEDIAL AND LATERAL WALL 30 mL in volume HAS AN APEX WHERE NERVES AND VESSELS EMERGE
Orbital Walls
ORBITAL WALLS
ROOF
COMPOSED OF THE LESSER WING OF THE SPHENOID, AND ORBITAL PLATE OF THE FRONTAL BONE INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE FRONTAL SINUS
ORBITAL WALLS
LATERAL WALL
SEPARATED FROM THE ROOF BY THE SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE COMPOSED OF THE GREATER WING OF THE SPHENOID, ZYGOMATIC BONE STRONGEST PART OF THE BONY ORBIT
ORBITAL WALLS
FLOOR
SEPARATED FROM THE LATERAL WALL BY THE INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE MAXILLARY SINUS COMPOSED OF MAXILLARY BONE, ZYGOMATIC BONE AND PALATINE BONE ORBITAL CONTENTS CAN HERNIATE INTO THE MAXILLARY SINUS IN TRAUMA CASES
ORBITAL WALLS
MEDIAL WALL
INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE ETHMOID AND SPHENOID SINUSES COMPOSED OF THE ETHMOID BONE, SPHENOID BONE, LACRIMAL BONE AND MAXILLA
ORBITAL APEX
SERVES AS A PORTAL FOR NERVES AND VESSELS SITE OF ORIGIN OF ALL EOMS EXCEPT INFERIOR OBLIQUE
Orbital Apex
MEDIAL PORTION
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR DIV. OF OCULOMOTOR NERVE
ORBITAL APEX
OPTIC CANAL
TRANSMITS OPTIC NERVE AND OPHTHALMIC ARTERY
BLOOD SUPPLY
SHORT POSTERIOR CILIARY ARTERY
CHOROID, OPTIC NERVE
BLOOD SUPPLY
Anterior ciliary artery
derived from muscular branches of the rectus muscles anterior sclera, episclera, limbus, conjunctiva
Venous Drainage
The ophthalmic veins communicate with the cavernous sinus via SOF and the pterygoid venous plexus via the inferior orbital fissure. The SOV is formed from the supraorbital and suparatrochlear veins which drain the skin. * potential communication between skin infection and cavernous sinus causing thrombosis
Eyeball
Roughly spherical approximately 24.5 mm (less than an inch) in length about 5mL in total volume
Eyeball
Conjunctiva
Thin transparent mucous membrane which covers the posterior surface of the eyelid (palpebral conjunctiva) and the anterior surface of the sclera (bulbar conjunctiva) composed of two to five layers of stratified columnar epithelial cells contains glands which help in ocular lubrication
Conjunctiva
Blood Supply
anterior ciliary artery palpebral aretries
Nerve Supply
first division of the trigeminal nerve
Upper Eyelids
Tenons Capsule
A fibrous membrane that envelopes the globe from the limbus to the optic nerve continuous with the EOMs thickens to form check ligaments
Sclera
Fibrous outer protective coating of the eye composed of dense bands of well hydrated connective tissue
Episclera
Fine elastic tissue containing blood vessels and covers the anterior surface of the sclera
Cornea
Transparent tissue which accounts for most of the refractive power of the eye thicker at the limbus, and thinner at the center 5 layers
epithelium Bowmans layer Corneal stroma Descemets layer Endothelium
Cornea
Cornea
Uveal Tract
Iris Ciliary Body Choroid
Iris
Flat anterior extension of the ciliary body has a central round aparture known as the pupil divides the anterior from the posterior chamber
Iris
Ciliary Body
Extends from the choroid to the iris divided into the pars plicata and pars plana point of suspension of the lens produces aqueous humor
Aqueous Flow
Choroid
Posterior segment of the uveal tract in between the retina and sclera joins the ciliary body anteriorly choroidal blood vessels nourish outer portion of the retina
Ora Serrata
Choroidal Circulation
Lens
Biconvex, avascular, colorless and transparent structure second most powerful refractive tissue held in place by suspensory ligaments known as zonules accommodates to facilitate near vision
Lens Accommodation
Trabecular Meshwork
Aqueous Flow
Retina
Thin, semitransparent, multilayered sheet of neural tissue lines the inner aspect of the posterior two thirds of the globe terminates anteriorly as the ora serrata
Fundus
Posterior Pole
Retinal Layers
Macula
Center of the posterior retina responsible for fine central vision has yellow pigment (xantophyll) histologically empty space tends to the accumulation of extracellular material that cause thickening
Photoreceptors
Embryonic Eye
Embryonic Eye
Vitreous
Clear, avascular, gelatinous body comprises 2/3 of the volume of the eye 99% water ; 1% hyaluronic acid and collagen firmly attached to the pars plana and ora serrata
Eyeball
Extraocular Muscles
Rectus Muscles
superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus
Oblique Muscles
Superior oblique Inferior oblique
Extraocular Muscles
Ocular Adnexa
Eyebrows
thickened skin covered with hair
Eyelids
modified folds of skin closes to protect the eyeball blinks to lubricate cornea
Eyelids
Eyelids
Skin Layer Orbicularis Oculi Areolar tissue Tarsal plate Palpebral conjunctiva
Orbicularis Muscle
Lid Margins
Eyelashes Glands of Zeis Glands of Moll Meibomian glands lacrimal punctum
Palpebral Fissure
Elliptical space between the two eyelids terminates at the lateral and medial canthi
Orbital septum
Fascia behind the portion of orbicularis muscle and serves as a barrier between the lid and the orbit
Eyelids
Eyelid Anatomy
Lid retractors
Responsible for opening the eyelids
levator palpebrae superioris muscle
aponeurosis meullers muscle
Upper Eyelids
Maxillary
Infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal nerves
Eyelids
Blood Supply
lacrimal and ophthalmic areteries
Venous drainage
ophthalmic vein
Lymphatic drainage
Temporal eyelids - pre-auricular and parotid nodes Nasal eyelids - submandibular nodes
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal glands accessory lacrimal glands of Krauss and Wolfring Puncta Canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal Gland
Blood supply - lacrimal artery Venous drainage - ophthalmic vein Lymphatic drainage - preauricular lymph nodes Nerve supply - lacrimal nerve, great superficial petrosal nerve, sympathetic nerves
Lacrimal Apparatus
Optic Nerve
Consists of 1 million axons from ganglion cells of the retina emerges from the sclera on the nasal portion of the globe 25 - 30mm long in the orbital segment goes through optic canal 10mm intracranial course joins optic chiasm
Optic Nerve
Visual pathway
Retina Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Optic radiation Occipital lobe (Visual center)
Visual Pathway