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Quasi-Experimental designs: Not quite true experiments because the different groups/conditions are not created by __________________. Groups or conditions are defined by _____________ variable or a ______ variable.
Non-Experimental designs do not allow you to rule out many threats to _______________.
Those using ____ group, compare behavior across _____: Time-series designs (quasi-experimental) One group pretest-posttest (non-experimental) Longitudinal design (non-experimental
Those using multiple, ____________ groups: 1. Pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design (quasi-experimental) 2. Posttest-only control group design (Static-group design) (non-experimental) 3. Differential (Causal-comparative) design (nonexperimental) 4. Cross-sectional design (non-experimental)
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NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Differential/Causal comparative design (Multiple groups) Developmental: Cross Sectional design (Multiple groups) Developmental: Longitudinal design (One group) One-group pretest-posttest design (One group) Posttest-only nonequivalent group (Static) design (Multiple groups)
When you want to investigate a relationship but cannot create ________ assign groups It is not _________ to create randomly assigned groups
Definition: A quasi-experimental design in which behavior in two _______________groups is measured pre and post-IV No random __________ and ___________ Because you measure behavior before treatment you can evaluate group equivalence - it reduces the threat of _______________ e.g., Effects of Flexible vs. fixed work hours on productivity in two factories e.g., Effects of Home-based vs. School-based treatment on problem behavior
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No random selection and assignment 2 __________________, e.g., children in 2 clinics Groups should be ______ Susceptible to internal validity threats, e.g., assignment bias (selection threat) - group assignment is _______ Example: effects of peer tutoring in two classrooms
Time-Series Design
Definition: A quasi experimental design in which behavior in one group of participants is measured across time _______________ an IV is implemented. ___________________ control for multiple threats to internal validity Allows you to evaluate _________ across time Called ___________________ when the IV is not created by the experimenter Called a time series design with _______________if the treatment is repeatedly presented across multiple groups.
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Measurement of DV
Experimental Condition Measurement of DV Measurement of DV
____________ Design
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Time-Series Design
Example: Effects of anti-smoking campaign on smoking frequency
Smoking Frequency
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 45 40
Smoking Frequency
Before Campaign After Campaign
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Intervention
Intervention
Intervention
Longitudinal design Measuring a variable in individuals over an ___________________ Like a time-series design with no _______________ Can determine how an individual _________ No cohort effects Very _____________, expensive Problems with _____, ________
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Observation made in ____ group before and after treatment No attempt is made to control for many threats to ________________
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