Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

CE 319 F
Daene McKinney
Bernoulli
Equation
Euler Equation
Fluid element accelerating in l
direction & acted on by pressure
and weight forces only (no friction)
Newtons 2
nd
Law

g
a
z
p
dl
d
a
dl
dz
g
dl
dp
la l p p p
Aa l W A p p A p
Ma F
l
l
l
l
l l
= +
=
A = A A +
A A = A A A + A
=

) (
sin ) (
sin ) (

o
o
Ex (5.1)

2 . 0
) 5 . 0 3 . 0 (
30 sin ) 3 . 0 (
) (
=
=
=
=
= +
dl
dp
g
g
dl
dz
a
g dl
dp
g
a
z
p
dl
d
o
l
l
Flow
30
o
l
Given: Steady flow. Liquid is decelerating
at a rate of 0.3g.
Find: Pressure gradient in flow direction in
terms of specific weight.
EX (5.3)
Given: = 10 kN/m
3
, p
B
-p
A
=12 kPa.
Find: Direction of fluid acceleration.
A
B
1 m
vertical
up) is ion (accelerat 0 ) 1 2 . 1 (
) 1
000 , 10
000 , 12
(
) 1 (
)
1
(
) (
> =
+

=
+

=
+ =
= +
g a
g a
p p
g a
dz
dz
dz
dp
g a
g
a
z
p
dz
d
z
z
B A
z
z
z

HW (5.7)
Ex (5.6) What
pressure is needed to
accelerate water in a
horizontal pipe at a
rate of 6 m/s
2
?


3
2 3
/ 6000
/ 6 * / 1000
) (
m N
dl
dp
s m m kg a
dl
dp
a
dl
dz
dl
dp
g
a
z
p
dl
d
l
l
l
=
= =
=
= +

Ex (5.10)
Given: Steady flow. Velocity varies linearly
with distance through the nozzle.
Find: Pressure gradient -way through the
nozzle
ft ft lbf
ft s ft s ft ft slugs
dx
dV
V a
dx
dp
g
a
z
p
dx
d
x
x
/ / 355 , 5
) / / 50 ( * ) / 55 ( * ) / 94 . 1 (
) (
) (
2
3
=
=
= =
= +

V
1/2
=(80+30)/2 ft/s = 55 ft/s
dV/dx =

(80-30) ft/s /1 ft = 50 ft/s/ft
HW (5.11)
Bernoulli Equation
Consider steady flow
along streamline
s is along streamline,
and t is tangent to
streamline

Constant
2
0
2
2
1
1
) (
2
2
2
= + +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
= +
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
ds
d
g
V
ds
d
ds
dV
V
g
a
g
z
p
ds
d
t

head dynamic Velocity

g
V
head c Piezometri z
p
) (
2
2
=
= +

g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +

Ex (5.47)
Given: Velocity in outlet pipe from reservoir
is 6 m/s and h = 15 m.
Find: Pressure at A.
Solution: Bernoulli equation
kPa p
g
V
h p
g
V p
g
h
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
A
A
A
A A
A
A
A
2 . 129
)
81 . 9
18
15 ( 9810 )
2
(
2
0
2
0 0
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
1
1
=
= =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

Point 1
Point A
Example
Given: D=30 in, d=1 in, h=4 ft
Find: V
A

Solution: Bernoulli equation
s ft
gh V
g
V
g
h
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
A
A
A
A
A
/ 16
2
2
0
0
2
0 0
2 2
2
2 2
1
1
1
=
=
+ + = + +
+ + = + +


Point A
Point 1
Example Venturi Tube
Given: Water 20
o
C, V
1
=2 m/s, p
1
=50 kPa,
D=6 cm, d=3 cm
Find: p
2
and p
3
Solution: Continuity Eq.




Bernoulli Eq.
2
1
2
1
1 2
2 2 1 1
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
d
D
V
A
A
V V
A V A V
D D
d
1
2
3
( )
( )
kPa p
Pa
V d D p
V V p p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
120
2 ] 3 / 6 1 [
2
1000
000 , 150
] / 1 [
2
) (
2
2 2
2
2 4
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ + = + +

Similarly for 2 3, or 1 3
Pressure drop is fully recovered, since we
assumed no frictional losses
kPa p 150
3
=
Nozzle: velocity
increases, pressure
decreases
Diffuser: velocity
decreases, pressure
increases
( ) ] / 1 [
) ( 2
4
2 1
2
D d
p p
V

Knowing the pressure drop 1 2 and

d/D, we can calculate the velocity and
flow rate
Ex (5.48)
Given: Velocity in circular duct = 100
ft/s, air density = 0.075 lbm/ft3.
Find: Pressure change between
circular and square section.
Solution: Continuity equation






Bernoulli equation
) (
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
c s s c
s
s
s c
c
c
V V p p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
=
+ + = + +

s ft V
D V D
A V A V
s
s
s s c c
/ 54 . 78 )
4
( 100
)
4
( 100
2 2
= =
=
=
t
t
2
2 2
3
/ 46 . 4
) 100 54 . 78 (
/ 2 . 32 * 2
/ 075 . 0
ft lbf
slug lbm
ft lbm
p p
s c
=
=
Air conditioning (~ 60
o
F)
Ex (5.49)
Given: = 0.0644 lbm/ft
3
V
1
= 100 ft/s,
and A
2
/A
1
=0.5,
m
=120 lbf/ft
3
Find: Ah
Solution: Continuity equation



Bernoulli equation
s ft
A
A
V V
A V A V
/ 200 2 * 100
2
1
1 2
2 2 1 1
= = =
=
) (
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
V V p p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
=
+ + = + +

Heating (~ 170
o
F)
2
2 2
3
2 1
/ 30
) 100 200 (
/ 2 . 32 * 2
/ 0644 . 0
ft lbf
slug lbm
ft lbm
p p
=
=
Manometer equation
ft h
s ft
slug lbm
ft lbm
h
h p p
air m
25 . 0
/ 2 . 32 *
/ 2 . 32
/ ) 0644 . 0 120 (
30
) (
2
3
2 1
= A

A =
A =
HW (5.51)
Stagnation Tube
gl V
d d l
p p V
p
g
V p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2
) ) ( (
2
) (
2
2
2 2
1
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
=
+ =
=
= +
+ + = + +

Stagnation Tube in a Pipe

p
g
V
2
2
z
Flow
Pipe
0 = z
g
V
z
p
H
2
2
+ + =

1
2
Pitot Tube
) ( 2
) ( ) [( 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
h h g V
z
p
z
p
g V
g
V p
g
V p
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
=
+ + =
+ = +
+ + = + +



Pitot Tube Application (p.170)
1
2
V
y
l
z
1
-z
2
s f t gy V
y h h
y
z z
p p
z z y p p
p y l y l z z p
k Hg
k Hg
k
k Hg
k
k k Hg
k Hg k k
/ 3 . 24 ) 1 / ( 2
) 1 / (
) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
= =
=

= +

+ =
= + +

HW (5.69)
HW (5.75)
HW (5.84)
HW (5.93)