CEE 583 PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACILITIES & SPORT EVENT MANAGEMENT

PART 1

CEE 583 PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACILITIES & SPORT EVENT MANAGEMENT

Tactical awareness, critical to game performance, is the ability to identify tactical problems that arise during a game and to select the appropriate responses to solve them.

TACTICAL SKILLS IS.. WHEN A PERSON MAKES DECISIONS AND ACTIONS IN THE GAME TO GAIN AN ADVANTAGE.. LIKE STRATEGY.

CEE 583 PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACILITIES & SPORT EVENT MANAGEMENT

CEE 583 PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACILITIES & SPORT EVENT MANAGEMENT

DEFINITION
The specific procedures to move ones body to perform the task that needs to be accomplished. Technical focus is related to psychomotor skills when any activities will be done.

SIMPLE DEFINITION

Technical skills is where a person moves there body to perform a task.....

CEE 583 PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACILITIES & SPORT EVENT MANAGEMENT

SKILLS
TECHNICAL SKILLS TAC T I C A L S K I L L S

The specific procedure to The decisions and actions of players in the contest to gain an move ones body to advantage over the opposing perform the task that team or players. needs to be Refer to the mental skills to know accomplished. when and where to execute the Refer to the specific technical skills motor skills used to A tactic can be as simple as perform a task. hitting the ball to a players weak side, placing the ball in space away from the player, or starting out fast in a race in the

4 STEPS OF TEACHINGS TECHNICAL SKILLS

4 TH C O R R E C T E R R O R

3 R D H AV E T H E AT H L E T E S PRACTICE 2 N D D E M O N S T R AT E A N D EXPLAIN 1 ST I N T R O D U C E T H E TECHNICAL SKILLS

INTRODUCE THE TECHNICAL SKILLS

INTRODUCE A BASIC TECHNIQUE

DEMONSTRATE N EXPLAIN - MODELING

Use athletes to DEMONSTRATE ( Model) Skills to be taught

HAVE THE ATHLETES PRACTICE

Once you have decided whether you will practice using the whole or the whole-part-whole method, youre ready to plan your practice.

TECHNICAL SKILLS- 7 PRINCIPLES

i. Have athlete practice correct technique. ii. Have athlete practice the technique in gamelike condition. ii. Keep practices short and frequent when teaching new techniques. iv. Use practice time efficiently. v. Make optimal use of facilities and equipment. vi. Make sure athletes experience a reasonable amount of success at each practice. vii. Make practice fun.

CORRECT ERROR

If an athlete demonstrate incorrectly, an opportunity for the coach to demonstrate the coachs ability to provide correction.

COACHABLE MOMENTS
THE COACH OBSERVES TRAINING LOOKING FOR COACHABLE WHEN THE WITH THE MOMENTS STRUGGLES ATHLETE TASK ;

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PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING

1. Individual Needs 7. Reversibility 2. Specificity

6. FITT

Principles of Training

5. Recovery 4. Rest

3. Progressive overload

INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
Matching training to the requirements of an individual.

1st time marathon runners

Elite

How would their individual needs in a PEP be different?

Individual needs fitness levels, sport, SMART goals, methods of training, facilities.

SPECIFICITY Matching training to the requirements of an activity.

E.g, a shot putter would train differently to a runner. There is a need for specific training within a sport too A goal keeper would train differently to an outfield player.

List 3 more examples of specificity. A sprinter would train on speed A long distance runner on CV

PROGRESSIVE OVERLOAD
Increasing the amount of overload gradually so that fitness gains occur, but without the potential for injury.
Start gently and build up gradually.

You wont be able to lift these weights straight away!!!

If you exercise at a constant level, your fitness will stay at that same level. Body adjusts to the demands placed upon it.
PLATEAUING = progress halts takes time to move on to next level.

 Overload means training harder than you normally do.

Working at a higher range of intensity. Training in the TARGET ZONE E.g. for strength training lifting a weight at 6080% of maximum effort.

CV 60 80% Max HR.

Usually apply overload every 2 weeks

OVERLOAD

Fitness can only be improved by doing more than usual. Making the body work harder than normal in order to improve. To OVERLOAD you need to apply the FITT principle!

F = Frequency. How often you need to train to improve. I = Intensity. How hard you train. T = Time How long each training session lasts. T = Type What sort of training you do.

REVERSIBILITY If regular training stops, any adaption that takes place as a consequence of training will be reversed. This is why you need to train 2/3 times a week or the effects of training will be lost. Use it or lose it!

REST AND RECOVERY

Rest = The time given to recovery.

Recovery = The time required to repair damage to the body caused by training or competition. PEP someone training 5X a week would probably train on 3 days, take day off to recover and allow adaption to take place. Train for the next 2 days, rest on the 7th day.

TASK:
Apply your knowledge and understanding by creating a guide for young athletes to use. Give specific examples of how to apply each of the principles of training in order to improve fitness for a chosen sport.

Closed Season

Out Of Season

PLANNING THE TRAINING YEAR PERIODIZATION

Pre-Season

Early Season
Peak Season

PERIODIZATION
Sportsmen and sports teams should plan their training programs so that they peak at the times of major competitions or particularly important matches. This process is called Periodization. The training year should be divided into the following phases: 1. Closed Season. 2. Out Of Season. 3. Pre-Season. 4. Early Season. 5. Peak Season.

1. CLOSED SEASON
This phase of the training year is characterised by: 1. A complete break from the sporting activity. 2. Recovery from or treatment for any injuries from the previous season. 3. Recreation and relaxation through participation in other sports or activities.

2. OUT OF SEASON
This phase of the training year is characterised by: 1. Heavy weight training to develop strength. 2. Low intensity continuous training to develop an aerobic base. 3. Light skills training with non-competitive game related activities.

3. PRE-SEASON
This phase of the training year is characterised by:

1. Higher intensity training with the emphasis on speed, agility and power. 2. Higher intensity skills training in competitive situations. 3. Full scale practice matches.

4. EARLY SEASON
This phase of the training year is characterised by:

1. High intensity power and speed training during early part of week. 2. Game related drills and unit skills. 3. Game preparation towards end of week. 4. Competitive match at weekend.

5. PEAK SEASON
This phase of the training year is characterised by:

1. High quality speed work. 2. Light weight training to maintain fitness levels. 3. Quality rest periods. 4. Game preparation towards end of week. 5. Competitive matches once or twice a week.

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WHAT IS OVERTRAINING?
Overtraining can be called as an imbalance of training stress and recovery. That is too much training (and all other possible stressors like work, family, time lag etc.) followed by too little recovery that will result in decreased adaptation state. Overtraining is not always bad, but a common practice in the successful training plan. Training causes load to the body and therefore causes fatigue (decrease of the red line, Figure 1). During recovery the body restores its resources to a higher level. This can be called as the short-term training effect and is the basis for training adaptation, also called supercompensation.

Figure 1. Adaptation effect to four training sessions. Blue bars indicate workouts, red line indicates bodys adaptation.

OVERTRAINING VS OVERREACHING
If a new training is followed before the full recovery for several times, it will result in a decrease in performance, or in other words overtraining. This means that you train more than is possible to recover (Figure 2, yellow line). However, if a longer rest is applied, the body can still adapt to a new higher level (Figure 2, blue line) - this is called overreaching. Adaptation effect after multiple loads is usually higher than the effect that can be obtained with just a single load-recovery cycle.

Figure 2. Manipulating with increased stress followed by longer recovery to maximize increased performance level.

WHAT IS OVERTRAINING SYNDROME ?

Applying high stress with little recovery during an extended period of time might cause a situation where the adaptation capability of the body could reach its limit and even after recovery the supercompensation effect might not be reached. The problem arises when even after two weeks of recovery the performance level remains lower than it was before the trainings (Figure 3). This situation must be avoided in the training process.

Figure 3. Adaptation after too high training loads and too little recovery between trainings. The performance decreases and stays lower than where it was before applying the load.

THE PROCESS AT A GLANCE

Normal state

Overtraining

High load, not enough recovery The athlete can be brought to the overreaching state intentionally. Performance is decreased, however, if rest is administered the supercompensation effect will take place and performance increases. A common practice in training process High load, not enough recovery Athlete is brought to overtraining syndrome where performance is decreased and the bodys ability to adapt positively to training is disturbed severely. The recovery from this state might take several months. Should be avoided in training practice.

Overreaching

Overtraining

Overtraining syndrome

PART 5

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DESCRIPTION
Aerobic system of energy production needs oxygen At onset of activity, although oxygen is present in the muscles there isnt enough to break down fuels into energy.
ATP-PC system So for immediate energy production the anaerobic Lactic Acid systems are used ie System As soon as we start to exercise heart rate and breathing rate increases so more oxygen is getting to the muscles.

Within a few minutes the muscles are supplied with enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to work.

 Aerobic energy is used for low to moderate intensity and long duration. It offers a high energy yield, allowing activity to be maintained for long periods.

Elite athletes may use their aerobic pathways to perform what would be high intensity to lesser athletes.

Aerobic System uses oxygen to break down food fuels.

Carbohydrates

& fats

This gives off a high energy yield.

Stage 1 glycolysis
Glycogen
Glycolysis
ADENOSINE ADENOSINE P P

P P

P P

ENERGY Pyruvic Acid (pyruvate)

Total energy yield from the aerobic system is 38 molecules

of ATP

 The aerobic system is the most efficient in energy production.

The by-products (water and carbon dioxide) are easily expelled.

The system relies on the availability of oxygen.

However

Sub-maximal exercise will predominantly use this system as oxygen can be delivered at a rate to match the demand for oxygen

Unless the body runs out of carbohydrate and fat stores, this system is unlimited.

summary
Stage 1 Glycolysis

Glycogen

Pyruvic Acid
ENER GY

Acetyl Coenzyme A P P P P P

(Sarcoplasm)

ADENOSINE ADENOSINE ADENOSINE ADENOSINE

P P
P

P
P

Stage 2
Krebs Cycle (Mitochondria)

Acetyl Coenzyme A

ENER GY

Carbon Dioxide

Hydrogen

Stage 3 Electron Transport Chain (Mitochondria) Hydrogen

ENER GY

Water
ADENOSINE P

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P P

Advantages of the Aerobic System

Lots more ATP can be resynthesised (38 moles of ATP from 1 mole of glycogen).
The body has large stores of muscle glycogen and triglycerides so exercise can last for several hours. Oxidation of glycogen and fatty acids do not produce any fatiguing by products.

Disadvantages of the Aerobic System

Takes a while for sufficient oxygen to be available to breakdown glycogen and triglycerides. Therefore this system cannot provide energy for ATP resynthesis straight away or during high intensity activity.

How can this system be improved?

Continuous training

Fartlek training
Increased muscle stores of glycogen & triglycerides. Increased number of oxidative enzymes.

Energy continuum

Considers the importance of each energy system in a particular activity. Intensity and duration will decide which energy system is used. Often there will be a combination of all three.

Energy continuum
Example: Marathon Runner
ATP-PC System Start of race. Aerobic System Majority of race. Lactate Anaerobic System Sprint finish.

Example: Midfield in football ATP-PC System Sprinting for the ball. Lactate Anaerobic System High intensity work, chasing ball, moving into space, dribbling with ball. Aerobic System Less intense periods when play does not involve the player. Time to recover using aerobic system.

Energy continuum

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Energy can be defined as the capacity of a physical system to do work. Energy is fundamental to everyday living and exercise. The word anaerobic can be defined as something that is capable of living without oxygen. The anaerobic system can be indirectly assessed by performance tests such as the vertical jump and the step test.
Vertical jump test

 The anaerobic system consists of both the ATP-PC system and the Lactic acid system. The ATP-PC system is used only for very short durations of up to 10 seconds. The ATP-PC system neither uses oxygen nor does it produce lactic acid. Adenosine triphosphate works together with creatine phosphate to increase the capacity of the ATP-PC system. ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate and is also known as the Alactacid system. After 5- 10 seconds of maximal work the supply is depleted, and another energy system is used. As these energy stores are broken down, they are quickly restored

Adenosine

Energy

Energy

Energy

Phosphate

LACTIC ACID
The other system that operates without the use of oxygen to help restore ATP in the muscles is the lactic acid system. This system involves the partial breakdown of glucose to form lactic acid. This involves a series of twelve chemical reactions known formerly as glycolysis. The energy that is provided by this system to the body is significant as it provides a quick supply of ATP to the body which assists in intense short bursts of activity usually lasting from around 30-60 and may last up to 3 minutes . Glycogen ADP+P If the intensity of the activity is maintained lactic acid will then Glucose accumulate within the muscles. The breakdown process of the lactic acid within the muscles may take ATP Pyruvic up to two hours.
Acid Insufficient Oxygen Lactic Acid

LACTIC ACID
Glycogen Glucose ATP ADP+P

Pyruvic Acid
Insufficient Oxygen Lactic Acid

TRAINING TO IMPROVE ANAEROBIC SYSTEM

Anaerobic exercise is used by athletes in non-endurance sports to build power and speed and is used predominantly to increase muscular strength. There are three types of anaerobic training energy systems these include: o The Phosphagen system- 10 seconds of maximum intensity exercise o Anaerobic glycolysis (also known as the lactic acid system)- 30 seconds of high intensity exercise o Oxidative system- can contribute to 40- 45% of energy after 20- 30 seconds of intense activity. Methods and modes of aerobic training are ways to which one can improve their anaerobic system.

Methods of anaerobic training

Explosive training, speed training interval training and various methods of resistance training

Modes of anaerobic training

Sprinting, plyometrics, stair climbing, resistance training and weightlifting

ADAPTATION OF ANAEROBIC SYSTEM

Adaptations of the system depend on:

Type of anaerobic capacities to be developed(power and strength). Characteristics of the athlete. Nature of the sport.

TRAINING ADAPTATION
The quality of an athletes muscle tissue can begin to change and adapt after only several workouts. The type of exercise stimulus causes specific adaptations. With training, performance gains cause changes in more then one physiological system. The training of each system must be with the specific goals of the training program. Adaptation responses are dynamic and are related to an individuals age and stage of physical development. The adaptation of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres. for example

the slow muscle fibres exerting less energy and is slower releasing most commonly used for endurance, slower concentration speed and less force output therefore smaller. Fast twitch muscle fibres are used when extra power is needed they contract quickly and forcefully when needed. These fast fibre are larger and also tend to hypertrophy more regularly. The improvement of capacity due to training of the muscles allows the lactic acid system to generate energy for a longer period of time.

PART 7

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WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS?
Biomechanics the study of the movements of the human body Mechanics the study of the physical action of forces Static constant state of motion Dynamic motion that is accelerating Kinetics the study of forces associated with the motion of a body

7 PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS

1) Stability: The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more stability increases. Ex. Sumo ,Wrestling 2) Maximum Effort The production of max force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the tasks objective. Ex, golf, bench press 3) Maximum Velocity The production of max velocity requires the use of joints in order from largest to smallest. Ex. Hockey slap shot, hitting a golf ball

Linear Motion 4) Principle 4 the greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity. Ex. Dunking a basketball 5) Principle 5 movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force Ex. High jumper, cyclist, runners Angular Motion (rotational) 6) Principle 6 angular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque. Ex. Baseball pitching 7) Principle 7 angular motion is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air. Ex. Diver

CENTER OF GRAVITY
The center of gravity is the single point associated with a body around which the bodys weight is equally balanced in all directions.

THANK YOU

C E E 5 7 1 P H Y S I C A L E D U C AT I O N & S P O R T C O A C H I N G METHODOLOGY

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