Cell Structure & Function

Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Two Types of Cells

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic
Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria

Eukaryotic
Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms
Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Typical Animal Cell

CELLS

TISSUES ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM

 PROTOPLASM 1. cytoplasm *organelles 2. karyoplasm CYTOSKELETON INCLUSIONS

Cell Parts
Organelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane
Plasmalemma Plasma membrane

Cell Membrane
COMPOSITION: phospholipids cholesterol CHONS 1.integral 2. peripheral oligosaccharides *glycocalyx

Cell Membrane
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. FUNCTIONS Selective barrier Recognition Cell-to-cell interaction Structural integrity Acts as interface between the cytoplasm & external environment

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Fluid-mosaic model Leaflets (Phospholipids and CHONS, 1:1) *myelin sheath Unit membrane: trilaminar structure

Inside the Cell

Nucleus
Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

Chromosomes
In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics

Nucleolus

Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins

Cytoplasm

Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Largest membranous system With vesicles and tubules

Endoplasmic Reticulum
FUNCTIONS 1. CHON synthesis and modification 2. Lipid and steroid synthesis 3. Detoxification of certain toxic compounds 4. Manufacture of membrane of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface

Smooth ER
More tubular than RER Has become specialized in some cells *sarcoplasmic reticulum FXN: synthesis of phospholipid membrane and steroids

Rough ER
More flattened Prominent in cells specialized for CHON secretion

Ribosomes
Protein synthesis
4 segments of rRNA Intensely basophilic 40 s and 60s

Mitochondria
Specialized for aerobic respiration & production of ATPs highly plastic L.M. : eosinophilic E.M.: 2 compartments

Mitochondria
Outer membrane sieve-like porins Inner membrane folded cardiolipin cristae Contact sites Intermembrane space Intercristal space

Golgi Bodies
Protein modification, packaging, sorting Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell

Golgi Bodies
3 levels of cisternae 1. cis-face *closest to RER *convex *entry face 2. medial face 3. trans-face *concave *exit face

Lysosome
Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes pH 5.0

PEROXISOMES
Self-replicating Microbodies Spherical to ovoid ENZ: urate oxidase catalase D-amino acid oxidase Fxn: catabolism of long-chained fatty acids

PROTEASOMES
FXN: ubiquitination Morphology: -cylindrical structure -made up of 4-stacked rings; each w/ 7 CHONS