Bacteria

First observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Using a single-lens microscope in 1676 First called "animalcules" Published in Letters to the Royal Society

Bacteria

Helpful

Cause disease

- Protection - Make foods

- Sick - Die

Applications of Bacteria
Preparation of fermented foods Dealing with radioactive waste Bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes Biological pest control Molecular biology, genetics & biochemistry

Types of Bacteria
In 1998, bacteria on Earth--five million trillion trillion. two main groups--bacteria and cyanobacteria. Bacteria--E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococci, Listeria, Clostridia. Cyanobacteria/blue-green algae-photosynthesise .

Types of Bacteria
Four types of bacteria:
Gram positive cocci Gram negative cocci Gram positive bacilli Gram negative bacilli

F&B

Medical

Environmental

Opportunities of Bacterial Factory

Medical
Vaccine "killed off" or "disabled" injected into our bodies form a response from our immune system. Probiotics beneficial bacteria that help to resist disease. aid in prevention of bacterial and viral infections

F&B
Yogurt bacterial fermentation of milk. contains "friendly" bacteria that help clean human intestines from "bad" bacteria Prevent and relieve symptoms from antibioticcaused digestive issues

Environmental
Environmentally bacteria used in genetic engineering do not produce toxins or offensive odours and are non-pathogenic bacteria that can digest and dissolve hydrocarbons are used to clean up oil spills Burkholderia used in the future to break up oil slicks in a technique known as bioremediation

Human body

Farm animals

Disadvantages of bacterial factory

Food

help people digest complex carbohydrates and vitamins

harm to humans if there is too much

Bacterial in Human body

cows can carry the Escherichia coli O157:H7

Pigs can carry the Yersinia enterocolitica

Farm animals

Chickens can carry bacteria such as Salmonella

food poisoning

Foodborne illnesses

Food

diarrhea, fever, vomiting and dehydration

gastrointestinal

WHO Calls for Action on Superbugs

(The Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2011, by Sten Stovall)

Summary: Superbug = Bacterium carries several resistance genes Drug-resistant bacterial infections had killed: - 63,000 patients in the U.S. - 25,000 patients in the EU. Bacteria will evolve and mutate - antibiotics lose their effectiveness Problem: Lack of financial incentives

Comments
A renewed effort should be made Antibiotics R&D is needed Ensurement of a researcher Seeking cooperation with leaders Financial incentive is needed

Summary of Issue
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Indian Public Water Supply (ScienceDaily, April 7, 2011)

New genetic, NDM-1 Effect of NDM-1 Preventative measures Usage of antibiotics

Comments
Concerning about Antibiotic resistance Bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics Ways to prevent antibiotic resistance Precaution in consumption antibiotics