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References
1. REPORT
2. LOAD GENERATION BALANCE REPORT 2010-11 CEA 3. INSTALLED CAPACITY - CEA 4. JOURNAL - TECH NEWS AREVA 5. HV SHUNT REACTOR SECRETS FOR PROTECTION ENGINEERS Zoran Gaji , Birger Hillstrm, Fahrudin Meki ABB Sweden, Vsters, Sweden 6. IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Reactors
Series
REACTOR
Shunt
REACTOR
Z
Acts as inductance and opposes the flow of short circuit current.
Shunt Reactors
Reason for high grid voltage in Southern grid during off peak period As per CEA report
Installed Capacity 44220 MW Peak Load demand 34224 MW Grid voltage lower than rated (Max 0.95PU or 399 KV)
Availability 28450 MW
11Hrs
15Hrs
22 Hrs
03 Hrs
Therefore, it is concluded that provision of large number of reactors are required to control the high voltages situation in the grid.
Formula System Voltage Fault Current level Short Ckt MVA Max Bus voltage Acceptable Bus voltage Total reactive power Standard capacity Nos of reactor required Skv FkA Scc= 1.732 X Skv X FkA V1 = 441 KV or (441/420) PU V2 = 416 KV or (416/420)PU Sr = Scc{ ( V2 V1)/V1} Sst Sr / Sst
Data 420 KV 40 KA 29097 MVA 1.05 PU 0.99 PU 1763 MVAR 63 MVAR 27 Nos
About 27 numbers of 63 MVAR shunt reactor are required in southern grid to absorb reactive power for bringing down grid voltage from 441 KV to 416 KV during off peak period
Commercial 1. Being a capital item, investment on this equipment will be adjusted in the fixed cost portion of tariff so that entire amount ( capital + interest ) will return within the operating period of the reactors.
Shunt Reactor acts as inductive load when it is connected to Bus/Line and draws current for active & reactive load. The reactive portion of current creates pulsating flux in the core and the power required for this purpose is known as reactive power (KVAR).
KVAR = Current X system voltage X Sin
Active current (I x Cos ) to active load (KW)
System Voltage
Reactive current (I x Sin ) to reactive load (KVAR)
The active portion of current causes I2R loss and the power loss due to heating is known as active power (KW).
KW = Current X system voltage X Cos
Ir
Iy
Ib
5.Only during fault when phase current becomes un balance (Ir + Iy + Ib 0), current less than 1 PU passes through the neutral. It is due to the fact that positive sequence reactance(X1) is more or less equal to zero sequence reactance (x0) in five limbs core configuration (Normally X1/Xo = 0.9).
6. During operation heat is produced as a result of copper loss ( due top I2R) and core Loss ( due to Hysteresis and eddy current) 7. Typical total core & copper loss (KW)= rating of reactor (MVAR) x 0.2% 8. Typical core loss & copper loss = 75% & 25% of total loss respectively
Reactor - 72.5 KV and above Star connected with solid / reactor grounding Oil cooled , gapped core Rating 30 to 300 MVAR Directly connected to bus / transmission line
Reactor - Below 72.5 KV Delta connected Air cooled , Air core Rating below 30 MVAR Directly connected to tertiary winding of transformer
2. Magnetization characteristic
VI linearity range
The flux produced by the core remains proportional to the current passes through the coil till the core gets saturated. After saturation of core it can not produce flux further with the increase of current.
Because of this magnetic saturation of the core, reactor coil can not develop inductive voltage (e) further.
In such condition impedance of the coil becomes lower with respect to the applied voltage and higher current drawn by the winding causing high I2R loss ( heat generation) or earth fault.
Components of Reactor
WTI
OTI
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
400KV,1250 Amps OIP HV bushings (3 Nos) 145 KV ,1250 amps neutral bushing (1No) Air cell type conservator tank with silica gel breather Radiator banks (8 Nos) with ONAN type cooling Buchholtz relay, Pressure relief valve and sudden pressure valve for protection Floor mounted marshalling box for providing WTI,OTI and required control circuit for protection Provision of line side and neutral side CT terminals in each phase Two numbers treated earth pit for earthing neutral through steel flat Two number earth grid terminals for earthing reactor tank and other metal structure.
Components of reactor
The core sections between consecutive air gaps are moulded in epoxy
resin to prevent movement between individual laminations. The spacers forming the air gaps are blocks of ceramics with a high modules of elasticity and the whole stacking of core modules is cemented together during the assembly to form a solid column without possibility of rocking , or rubbing between individual parts.
ZDKH
M4
M5
M6
Hi-B grade
Thickness 0.3- 0.5 mm , Flux Density 1.6 Tesla Frequency 50 Hz, Gray colour ,E Carlite insulating laminated core
Interleaved disc winding has been used for rated voltages 220 KV
and above. This type of winding configuration provides better impulse voltage distribution. For lower voltage classes a continuous disc winding or a multi layer helical winding are used.
Vibration in reactor
1. As a result of magnetization of core, a magnetic attraction force (F=107xB2)/8 N / m2) approximately equal to (107x1.62)/8 N/m2 or 104 Ton / m2 is produced in the air gap between the core sections. This force pulsates at double frequency (2 X 50 Hz = 100 Hz) due to sinusoidal flux of frequency 50 Hz. Because of this double frequency pulsating force in the core sections, high vibration and noise is observed in reactor during operation.
2.
3.
To reduce the vibration within the limit ( 200 micron) following measures are taken during construction 1. Air gap are filled with ceramic materials 2.
Earthing of Reactor
To earthing grid
LA
LA
LA
To earthing grid
Cooling of reactor
Approximate heat generation during operation of reactor due to core and copper loss = 0.2% x MVAR rating = 120 KW
Copper loss due to I2R loss is about 25% of total loss i.e. 0.25X120 = 30 KW Core loss due to hysteresis & eddy current is about 75% of total loss i.e. 0.75X120 = 90 KW
50000 Litre of oil absorb the heat and rise the top oil temperature to maximum 45 Deg C
8 nos radiator banks reduces oil temperature to 15 Deg C by ONAN cooling process.
Significance of parameters
1. Capacity (S) As reactor is used as inductive load which only absorb reactive power, it capacity is given in MVAR .
1 PU ( 420 KV) 1.05 PU (441KV) 63 MVAR 86.6 Amps 69.45 MVAR 90.92 Amps
2. Impedance / Positive sequence Impedance (X1) It is the per phase AC resistance of the winding which decides the magnitude of per phase current. X1 = U / I = {420000/(1.732X86.6)} =2800 Ohms 3. Zero sequence Impedance (X0) It is the AC resistance of the neutral path which decides the magnitude of earth fault current through neutral. The value of X0 depends on the construction of core. For five limbs core, the value of X0 lays between 90% and 100% of positive sequence impedance (X1). Therefore X0 = 0.9 . X1 = 0.9 X 2800 =2520 Ohms. Because of high zero sequence impedance earth fault current is restricted within 1 PU 4. Winding resistance (R) It is the per phase DC resistance of the winding which decides copper loss (I2R). Measured winding resistance per phase = -2.570 Ohms at 38 Deg C
5. Total loss It is the total active power consumed by the reactor and converted in to heat. Total loss (core and copper loss) = 110KW
6. Power Factor Cos = 110 / 63000 = 0.17%
630000KVAR
110KW
Operation
Reactor I Power Grid Feeder Tie Line Power Grid Feeder Power Grid Feeder
400KV Bus
ICT
230KV Bus
Mines Feeder
Under excitation
to absorb reactive power for decreasing terminal voltage
Increasing tap
to deliver reactive power for increasing bus voltage Switchyard Bus 395 415KV Delivers reactive power to boost up voltage C A P R E C
Decreasing tap
to absorb reactive power for decreasing terminal voltage
Capacitive loading 105% Grid Voltage (445KV) 1. Reduce excitation 2. Reduce GT tap 3. Switch on reactor 4. Disconnect lines 5. Reduce Gen load 100% Grid Voltage (420KV)
Leading MVAR
Since Reactor is a fixed impedance equipment , when grid voltage is lower , reactor will absorb lower current and generate lower MVAR Load.
Similarly when grid voltage is higher , reactor will absorb higher current and generate higher MVAR Load.
GRID VOLTAGE
400 KV 420 KV
REACTOR CURRENT
85 Amps 87 Amps
REACTIVE LOAD
60 MVAR 63 MVAR
441 KV
90 Amps
69 MVAR
UCB IV Parameters Reactor II (SL No 6007011 Location 17th Bay) Reactor I (SL No 6007012 Location 16th Bay) Before charging After charging Before charging After charging
MVAR 50 MVAR
PF 0.98
15.9 KV
16 KV 16 KV
55 MVAR
40 MVAR 60 MVAR
405KV
408 KV 405 KV
0.98
0.99 0.99
Running Hours
OTI
WTI
Ambient Temp
Reactor II (SL No 6007011 Location 17th Bay) Reactor I (SL No 6007012 Location 16th Bay)
1Hour Switched Off: 11:15 Hrs Switched On: 12:15 Hrs 1 Hour Switched Off: 13:10 Hrs
Normal
Normal
Closing point of BRK for Lowest inrush current . Closing point of BRK for Highest inrush current .
Due to closing of breaker poles in three phases at different point of cycle, unsymmetrical current is developed in three phases which persist for approximately 1 sec As a result of unsymmetrical current, 3rd harmonic current passes through the neutral that may cause spurious tripping on earth fault.
Due to unsymmetrical current, DC off set current is produced which decrease slowly because of low loss in reactor and may cause saturation of CT
Switching off
During switching off operation of reactor high transient over voltage is developed due to breaking of inductive current.
This switching transients are inversely proportional to the shunt reactor rated power
Switching transients overvoltage can be reduced considerably by installing surge reactor and control switching operation i.e switching off during zero crossing. Frequent transients overvoltage due to switching off operation always have the impact on the dielectric life of reactor and breakers.
Internal fault
Phase to ground fault at line side
External fault
Inter turn short circuit fault Over load due to over voltage and harmonics
N
Zero seq current (<1 PU)
Shunt reactor is a device with the fixed impedance value. Therefore the individual phase current is directly proportional to the applied phase voltage (i.e. I=U/Z). During external fault voltage of the faulty phase becomes lower than other phases and a result of that unbalance is created in the phase current. Because of unbalance phase current , zero seq. current less than 1 PU passes through the neutral.
Low zero sequence current through neutral due to unbalance in the phase current
1. Short circuit current flow through the line side faulty phase and causes unbalance in the phase current 2. Zero sequence current typically 1 PU flow through the neutral due to unbalance phase current
Shunt reactor winding impedance is approximately proportional to the square of the number of active turns. Short circuit between some number of turns will cause the decrease of the winding impedance only in the faulty phase and corresponding small raise of the shunt reactor neutral point current. Currents during turn-to-turn fault are of the small magnitude and they will not produce any sufficient unbalance voltage. Sufficient unbalance voltage is produced only when number of turn-to-turn short is high. In such condition it is possible to detect turn to turn fault with the help of sensitive directional zero seq relay connected on the HV side of the reactor.
Summary protection
CAUSES EFFECTS RESULTS IN
Zero sequence 3rd harmonic current through the neutral Saturation of CT due to slow decaying of DC offset current High voltage stress on the dielectric of the reactor & circuit breaker. Unbalance in three phase line current Low zero sequence current ( 1PU) passes through the neutral Unbalance in three phase line current Low zero sequence current 1PU) passes through the neutral Rated current at line side phases High current at neutral side
PROTECTION ACTUATES
Restricted Earth fault with time delay Diff protection
Switching ON
Transient over voltage Lower than rated current through the faulty phase High current at line side in the faulty phase
No protection is recommended for this purpose. Line side residual current protection Differential protection
Internal phase to ground fault at line side Internal phase to ground fault at neutral side Internal Phase to phase short circuit Inter turn fault
Line side residual current protection line side over current protection Differential protection Neutral side over current protection Differential protection
As the chance of this fault is very remote due constructional feature of the reactor , protection for this fault is not recommended.
Reactor protection
PURPOSE OF SHUNT REACTOR PROTECTION The purpose of the protection relaying is to disconnect the reactor and limit damage in case of internal short circuits, earth faults, inter turn faults and over voltage or over load. The reactor forms certain impedance for rated frequency, and as it is shunt connected, as over load may be caused by over voltage or harmonics in voltage and current.
PROTECTION DEVICES INBUILT OR MOUNTED ON REACTOR a) Oil immersed reactor usually have a gas detector and oil surge detector (Buchholz alarm & trip devices), which are excellent for detecting internal faults. b) Temperature monitors for oil & winding provide good over load protection. c) Pressure relief device is provided to safe guard the reactor from high pressures.
REACTOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION It is widely used as instantaneous protection for short circuit faults with in the differential zone. this is treated as main-1 protection for reactor. It can be of high impedance type or of a sensitive current stabilized type. High impedance differential protection relays require an equal CT turns ratio on the phase and neutral side. Sensitivity is 5% of nominal reactor CT current.
BACK-UP PROTECTION A variety of relays are available a) Over current & earth fault protection. ( 50, 50N, 51, 51N, 67, 67N any combination of these) b. Under impedance / distance ( z<)(21r). c. Neutral displacement protection (un>)
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION If, for some reason, a sensitive differential protection not chosen, a restricted earth fault protection can be utilized.
Reactor REF Protection. I) shall be single Pole. ii) Have an operating current sensitivity at least 10% of nominal current. iii) Shall be tuned with system frequency. iv) Have a suitable non-linear resistor to limit the peak voltage during in-zone faults in case of high impedance type. v) Shall be high or low impedance Principle type. vi) Connection of restricted earth fault protection on the neutral side shall be from residually connected Bushing CTs or from the ground side CT.
Reactor Backup Protection (Impedance type) I) Shall be Triple pole type. ii) Shall be single step Polarized MHO or Impedance Distance relay suitable for Measuring Phase to Ground and Phase to Phase to faults. iii) Shall grounds a Characteristic angle between 60-80 deg. iv) Shall have adjustable definite time delay with setting range of 0.2 to 2.0 sec. v) Shall have a suitable range for covering 60% of Reactor impedance. vi) Typical setting : Reach - 60% of Reactor Impedance, Time setting - 1 sec OR Reactor Backup Protection (Definite Time O/L & E/F). i) Shall be single stage Definite Time 3 Pole, Over Current relay with adjustable current and Time. ii) Shall be connected for 2 O/C and 1 E/F connection and shall be non-directional with reset ratio and low Transient Overreach. iii) Typical settings of o/c relays are: Current Setting- 1.3 x Rated current , Time setting - 1 sec
Protection of bus reactor for double bus & transfer bus scheme
Bus I
Bus II
R E A C T O R I
51N 21 87BB1
87BB2
87U
R E A C T O R II
51N 21 87BB1
87BB2
87U
1. Differential protection
Purpose :Internal / external phase to ground fault.
U1 1s1 V1 1s1 1s2 W1 1s1 1s2 N
Line side CT 1
1s2
DP 87
1s1
1s1 1s2 W2
1s1 1s2
Neutral side CT 1
1s2 U2 V2
CT Specification 1. Ratio: 200/1A 2. Class: PS 3. Knee point voltage: 200V 4. Magnetizing current: 40 mA 5. Secondary resistance: 1 Ohms
Type of relay : High impedance differential relay Setting : operating current sensitivity at least 10% of nominal current. operating time not grater than 30 m sec at 5 times of setting.
1. External phase to ground fault.( Unbalance phase current) 2. Internal phase to ground fault at line side .( Unbalance phase current) 3. Circuit breaker pole discrepancy.( Unbalance phase current)
N U1 V1 W1
1s1 1s2
1s1 1s2
1s1 1s2
Instantaneous Residual over Current Relay (50N) Or AC Time residual Over Current relay (51N)
CT Specification 1. Ratio: 200/1A 2. Class: PS 3. Knee point voltage: 200V 4. Magnetizing current: 40 mA 5. Secondary resistance: 1 Ohms
U2 V2 W2
Typical relay setting Set low set to 20% with time delay in between0.6s and 1s or even longer. Use 2nd harmonic blocking. Set high set to 175% with time delay of 0.1s.
U1
V1
W1
1s1
1s2
1s1
1s2
1s1
1s2
21R 3Ph, REACTOR BACKUP IMPEDANCE RELAY OF SUITABLY SHAPED CHARECRESTICS EITHER SINGLE / DOUBLE ZONE TYPE
CT Specification 1. Ratio: 200/1A 2. Class: PS 3. Knee point voltage: 200V 4. Magnetizing current: 40 mA 5. Secondary resistance: 1 Ohms U2 V2 W2
Set low set to 130% with time delay in between 0.6s and 1s. Set high set to 250% with time delay of 0.1s.
U1
V1
W1
Line Side
1s1 500/1A 1s2 1000/1A 1s3 2000/1A 1s4 Bus Bar protection I & II
U2
V2
W2
Neutral Side
Temperature rise test along with DGA before and after test
Full wave lighting impulse voltage withstanding test at 550 KVp on neutral terminal Measurement of zero sequence reactance Measurement of acoustic noise level Magnetizing curve test / knee voltage measurement Measurement of capacitance and tan delta between winding and tank
3.
4.
Full wave lighting impulse voltage withstand test at 1300 KVp on line terminal
Switching impulse voltage withstand test at 1050 KVp on line terminal
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Measurement of WR
Purpose - To measure DC resistance per phase of coil for calculating I2R loss in the coil, which in turns decides the temperature rise. The measurement also shows whether the winding joints are in order and the windings are correctly connected.
Measurement of IR
Purpose - To ascertain minimum insulation strength (IR Value) and dryness level (PI Value) of the winding required to charge the reactor.
5 KV IR measuring Kit (Megger) Procedure Measure IR and PI value between (R+Y+B +N) (Tank + E) with 5 KV Megger and confirm the minimum IR and PI value as per the table given below.
Minimum IR value
K = 1.00 K = 1.65 K = 2.60 K = 4.20 K = 6.6 K = 10.5 30 Deg C 40 Deg C 50 Deg C 60 Deg C 70 Deg C 80 Deg C
Below 6.6 KV
200 M 121 M 77 M 47 M 30 M 19 M
6.6 - 11KV
400 M 242 M 153 M 95M 60 M 38 M
22 33 KV
500 M 303 M 192 M 119 M 75 M 47 M
Above 66 KV
600 M 363 M 230M 142 M 90 M 57M
(Polarization Index) PI Value = (15 minutes IR / 60 minutes IR ) Less than 1 Above 1 to 1.1 Above 1.1 to 1.25 Above 1.25 to 2.0 Above 2 Dangerous Poor Questionable Fair Good
Isolation test
Purpose - To ascertain that the reactor core is insulated from the tank and core frame.
CC G CL
Core clamp Core Bolt Core Tank
Procedure :
1.Disconnect the closing link that connects the two terminals CL-G. 2.Connect the tank with earth 3. Use a Megger and measure IR value between CL and CC + G by applying 3.5 KV for 1 minute 4. The measured IR value shall be minimum 1000 kohms ( 1 M Ohms) 5. There is no general requirement on the insulation level CC-G .
Reactor windings
U V W
Temp (0C) 38 38 38
Measurement of loss and current at rated voltage and ambient temperature Purpose: To measure the loss ( core & copper loss) in reactor at rated operating condition.
Reactors windings
Temp (0C) U 38 V 38 W 38
Loss ( KW) at rated voltage = R4 C4 = Tan delta = X V2 *(Tan ( K) 2f 1000/(C4xR4x) () (F) Delta/X*1000) 210.15 8.98966 314.29 0.0016842350 2783.43 35.58 201.15 8.96700 314.29 0.0017640389 2776.41 37.36 332.75 8.96210 314.29 0.0010669585 2774.89 22.61
X Phase current = Rated Calculated loss at Calculated loss at rated ( Ohms) KV*1000/X ( C ) Amps ( R ) rated voltage (KW) current = KW X ( R/C)2 2783.43 87.12 86.60 35.58 35.16 2776.41 87.34 86.60 37.36 36.73 2774.89 87.39 86.60 22.61 22.20
230
245
300 362
325/370/395
395/460 460/510 570/360
750/850/950
950/1050 1050/1175 1300/1425
400
420
KV
50 Hz, AC Generator
Method Maximum test voltage Duration of test Measurement of test voltage Confirmation
Test voltage from a 50 Hz, sinusoidal source is applied between (HV +N) and (E + Tank) through a step up transformer ( 400 KV /1.732) or 230 KV rms 60 sec Direct reading for RMS type voltmeter or (Reading / 2) for Peak type voltmeter (KV) The test is declared to be successful if the test voltage does not collapse during the test.
Induced over voltage withstand test with PD indication at 364 KV AC (1.5/3 PU ) for 30 minutes during which the PD level shall not exceed 500pc ( Method 2)
PURPOSE : To verify the power frequency voltage withstanding capacity of the minor
insulation (Paper ) used in line terminals & windings and the maximum level of PD observed during the test.
N B Y R
PDD
KV
50 Hz, AC Generator
Method
Test voltage from a 160Hz ( to avoid saturation of core), sinusoidal source is applied at line terminals through a step up transformer keeping neutral terminal and tank grounded. PD is measured by PDD connected with impedance ( z) & capacitors as shown in the fig ( 1.5 x 420KV /1.732) or 364 KV rms 30 minutes in steps at various voltages level as shown below Direct reading for RMS type voltmeter or (Reading / 2) for Peak type voltmeter (V)
The test is declared to be successful if the test voltage does not collapse during the test. and the PD level is observed within 500pC
364KV
420KV
364KV
Full wave lighting impulse voltage withstand test at 1300 KVp on line terminal
PURPOSE : To verify the impulse voltage withstanding capacity of the major
insulation ( pressboard) used between the windings, line terminals caused by lighting strike.
N R Y B
Impulse Generator
0.1
+
Recorder
Method Test voltage from an impulse generator is applied at line terminals keeping neutral grounded through 0.1 resister and other terminals directly grounded. The sequence for applying impulse is - one impulse of a voltage between 50% and 75 % of the full test voltage, and three subsequent impulses at full voltage
1300 KV peak with Front time
Test voltage
Duration of test
Confirmation
N R Y B
Impulse Generator
+
5 0 0
Recorder
Method
Test voltage from an impulse generator is applied at line terminals keeping neutral grounded through 500 resister and other terminals directly grounded. The sequence for applying impulse is - one impulse of a voltage between 50% and 75 % of the full test voltage, and three subsequent impulses at full voltage 1050 KV peak Front time Tp> 100s , Time above 90% Td> 200s and Time to the first zero passage T0> 500s ( preferably 1000 s ) The test is successful if the test voltage does not collapse during the test.
Type Test
1. Temperature rise test along with DGA before and after test 2. Full wave lighting impulse voltage withstanding test at 550 KVp on neutral terminal 3. Measurement of zero sequence reactance 4. Measurement of acoustic noise level 5. Magnetizing curve test / knee voltage measurement 6. Measurement of capacitance and tan delta between winding and tank
8 Hours
T 35.00 / B 33.00
Time
Cold winding resistance at (T) 38 deg C Hot winding resistance after switched off (to be derived from graph) Ambient temperature after switched off Calculated winding temp at Time of S/D Average oil temp at S/D Winding temp gradient Average oil temp rise Corrected winding temperature Winding temperature rise
R1 R2 Ta Tw = {R2/R1 (235+T)R1} 235 T1 Tg = (Tw T1 ) Td = (T1 - Ta) Tc = (Tg + Td) (Tc Ta)
2.569 Ohms 2.743 Ohms 34.23 Deg C (2.743/2.569) x ( 235+ 38) 235 = 56.49 Deg C 55.30 (55.30 4425) = 49.22 Deg c 56.49 49.22 = 7.27 Deg c 49.22 34.23 = 14.99 Deg C 7.27+ 14.99 = 22.26 Deg C
Full wave lighting impulse voltage withstanding test at 550 KVp on neutral terminal
PURPOSE : To verify the impulse voltage withstanding capacity of the major and
minor insulation (Pressboard and paper) used in neutral terminals and side of the winding caused by switching operation.
Impulse Generator
+
5 0 0
Recorder Method Test voltage from an impulse generator is applied at neutral terminals keeping other terminals grounded through 500 resister and tank directly grounded. The sequence for applying impulse is - one impulse of a voltage between 50% and 75 % of the full test voltage, and three subsequent impulses at full voltage 550 KV peak T1 = 1,2s 30% and Time to half-value T2 = 50 s 20% The test is successful if the test voltage does not collapse during the test.
A N R Y B
50 Hz, AC Generator
A Method Two phase AC supply is applied between (R+Y+B) and( N) through a step up transformer which is fed by a generator. Applied voltage is increased till 70% of the rated current flow through the neutral . {(3 x Applied voltage) / Neutral current} x { rated frequency / test frequency}.
Current through neutral = 62.5 Amps Applied Voltage = 56.40 KV Test Frequency = 49.80 Hz Zero Sequence Impedance = [(3 x 56400)/ 62.5] x [50.0/49.8] = 2718.07 Ohms
1 Meter
2 Meter
A sound spectrum analyses is used for measuring sound level. The sound spectrum indicates the magnitude of sound components as a function of frequency. The sound pressure level is the measured at various points around at a distance (D) of 30 cm for ONAN or 2 m for ONAF cooling system spaced at an interval (X) of 1 meter.
Limit Sound level Vibration level Within 81db Within 200 microns
Test procedure
Each phase of the reactor is charged one by one with direct current. When the maximum test current reached, supply is switched off and the reactor winding is short-circuited simultaneously by DC current breaker. The decaying current in the circuit is registered by a computer assisted data acquisition system. The saturation curve Flux () / Flux () nom. versus I / Inom is then determined using the formula.
Imax Imin I nom I mean nom R Maximum measured current Minimum measured current Nominal AC current / 2 Calculated inductance from I min to I nom Nominal flux at I nom Circuit resistance (RL + Rs+ Rc)
Calculation
L(I) = (IxR) / (di/dt) nom = I nom x L mean (I ) = ( Imin L(I)) +(Imean x L mean)
/ nom 2
I / I nom 2
I
N R Y B 10 KV Tan Delta Kit
+ + + Ir +
Ic
I = total current drawn by the capacitor formed between winding and tank and the value of capacitance is [(I/2 f V ) x Cos ] (pF) Ic = Capacitor charging current Ir = Current flow through the capacitor due to impurities / disintegration of the insulation between winding and tank. As this current is in phase with applied voltage, it is dissipated in heat.
Ir
Angle 0.0 Deg 0.5 Deg 0.5 Deg 0.5 Deg 0.5 Deg 0.5 Deg 90.0 Deg
V
Capacitance (pF) [(I/2 f V ) x Cos ] (I / 3140) x 1.000 (I / 3140) x 0.999 (I / 3140) x 0.999 (I / 3140) x 0.999 (I / 3140) x 0.999 (I / 3140) x 0.999 0
Tan = Sin =Cos (PF) 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 1.0
Condition of the insulation Pure capacitor Very good Good Fairly good Acceptable Not acceptable Pure resistance
Special Test
1. FRA test
2. DGA test before and after electrical test 3. Vacuum test on reactor tank 4. Oil leak test 5. Snap back test on HV bushing
FRA test
Purpose- Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) is carried out to detect displacement (or movement) of the windings. Usually the first measurement in the factory is used as a fingerprint. Results of later measurements are compared with the first one in the factory.
The software controlled sine wave generator produces output voltage of max. 4 Vrms with frequency range of 50 Hz to 1 MHz. It has 75 output impedance. Input impedance is 75 . Voltage from the generator is applied to the one transformer terminal (one winding end) and response voltage is measured on another terminal (the other winding end).
Or attenuation A (or damping) in dB (20 log (Uoutput / Uinput ) versus frequency is plotted on the diagram with indication of terminals with applied and response voltage.
The reactor is said to be healthy if no deviation is observed between the results taken in factory and field
DGA test
Chemical analysis of gas : The gas analyser loaded with these solution is connected to the top pet cock. Small quantities of gas collected in the gas relay (Bucholtz relay) is allowed to pass through the two solutions.
A week solution of ammonia in water is slowly added to 100 ml of solution 1, until a white curdled precipitate which forms first disappears in the mixture.
FFT
Methods : Two nos. Piezoelectric accelerometer were mounted 90 degree apart at the bottom of the bushing, one in the direction of applied force (X) and other 90 degree to the applied force (Y). A force of 250 Kg was applied at the top and then it was cut-off. The resulting vibrations were recorded on the FFT. The recorded signals were analyzed on FFT Analyzer to determine the natural frequency and damping factor of the bushing.
X direction Y direction
From FFT reading [(100 / 2 n) * log (Y 1 / Yn+1)] Where: n = No. of cycle Y n+1 = Amplitude of (n+1) cycle peak Y1 = Amplitude of 1st cycle peak
3.25 1.421%
3.25 2.03%
The test is successful if no evidence of physical damage is observed on the bushing after the test
Final Observations
Though oil immersed, shunt reactor and power transformer are viewed alike, there are distinct differences between construction and operating characteristics of these two devices. As NLC is going to install two numbers 63 MVAR bus reactor for the first time in TS II and the operating and maintenance staffs are not properly exposed to its operating data, following information need to be collected from any southern grid thermal power plant ( not from substation) presently operating with similar capacity bus reactors for successful and trouble free operation of reactor in TS II Average number of switching operation of the reactor per day Numbers of operating hours achieved since commissioning Numbers of forced / planned shutdown taken after commissioning Protection co-ordinations and its settings Number of false/actual tripping, if any, since commissioning and its reasons Maximum & minimum bus voltage for switching in and out of reactors Reduction in leading MVAR and bus voltage after switching in of the reactor Any abnormalities observed in generator excitation during switching in/out Average reactor current, winding and oil temperature Any failure of parts like bushings, LA, gaskets etc since commissioning Remarks of the operating staff on the performance of the reactors
Thank you