Principles of Human Anatomy

12th Edition
Gerard J. Tortora & Mark T. Nielsen

CHAPTER 21 Special Senses

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Olfaction: Sense of Smell

Olfactory epithelium

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The Olfactory Pathway

Olfactory (I) nerves Olfactory bulbs Olfactory tract Olfactory sensations are the only sensations that do what? The axons of the olfactory tract project to the primary olfactory area; located at the inferior and medial surface of the temporal lobe

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Olfactory Pathway

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Gustation

Five primary tastes

Sour Sweet Bitter Salty Umami

All other tastes are combinations of these five

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Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors

The receptors for taste are located in the taste buds, and the number of taste buds declines with age

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Taste Buds

Taste buds are found in elevations on the tongue called papillae Three types of papillae contain taste buds

Circumvallate (vallate) Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae

Filiform papillae Clinical connection: taste aversion

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The Gustatory Pathway

Three cranial nerves contain axons of sensory neurons from taste buds

Facial (VII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X)

From taste buds, impulses propagate along these cranial nerves to the gustatory nucleus in the medulla oblongata

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Accessory Structures of the Eye: Eyelids

Eyelids, or palpebrae Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure, and the medial commissure Lacrimal caruncle

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Vision: Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Visual Pathway in the Brain

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Visual Pathway in the Brain

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Hearing and Equilibrium

Anatomy of the ear The ear is divided into three main regions

External ear Middle ear Internal ear

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The External Ear

The external ear consists of several structures

Auricle (pinna) External auditory canal Tympanic membrane

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Anatomy of the Ear

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The Middle Ear

The middle ear is a small, air-filled cavity in the temporal bone that is lined by epithelium Auditory ossicles Three ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes The head of the malleus articulates with the incus The incus articulates with the stapes and the footplate of the stapes fits into the oval window (fenestra vestibuli)
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Internal Ear (Labyrinth)

Structurally, there are two main divisions - the outer bony labyrinth that encloses an inner membranous labyrinth

Three main areas

Semicircular ducts Vestibule Cochlea - receptors for hearing

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Internal Ear

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Internal Ear

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Auditory Pathway

Spiral ganglia medulla

Decusssion

Midbrain Pons Thalamus cortex

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