BY THOMAS BABY(10M202) VEDIK.

B(10M204)

VIJAY PRANEETHREDDY(10M205)

Introduction
A Historical Review

Oscillation Control

Facts

Control Stabilizers

Comparison of FACTS stabilizers

Conclusions

 In

Power system any minor disturbance can cause the machine angle to oscillate around its steady-state value The angle oscillation results the corresponds power oscillations.

 Whether

the power system is stable in terms of system oscillation stability and if stable, how much the damping of the power oscillations is; Why power oscillations happen; How power oscillations can be suppressed effectively. Occurrence of power system oscillations is essentially due to the response of generators to system disturbances in order to maintain the balance of supply and consumption of active power in a power system

When the rotationally oscillating generator accelerates and the angle increases(d/dt is positive), the electrical

power transmitted must be increased to compensate for

the excess mechanical input power. When the rotationally oscillating generator decelerates and the angle decreases(d/dt is negative), the electrical power transmitted must be decreased to compensate for the mechanical input power. Modulation of compensator bus voltage also enhance the damping, for which an auxiliary signal is needed

 Power

system controllers:

power system stabilizer Facts stabilizers

Fact stabilizers with out storage Facts stabilizers with storage

 Facts

stabilizers with out storage is unable to exchange active power with the power system It is now well accepted that addition of ESS units gives the FACTS controllers extra ability of active power modulation such that better control performance can be achieved Then that is why ESS+FACTS will simply damp the power oscillations

 The

traditional method used to increase the damping of a power system is by adding a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) in the excitation system of the generator PSS acts through the excitation system to supply an additional damping torque proportional to speed change. Use to eliminate power frequency oscillations

Structure of PSS Controller

The transfer function for PSS consists of an amplification block, a Filter block and two lead-lag blocks The lead-lag blocks provide the appropriate phase-lead characteristic to compensate the phase lag between the exciter input and the generator electrical torque.

 The

limited capability of PSS, in damping only local and not interarea modes of oscillations. Sufficient electric power cannot be transmitted It can cause great variations in the voltage profile under severe disturbances and they may even result in leading power factor operation and losing system stability

Facts Control Stabilizers

o

Static Var Compensators (SVC) Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators (TCSC) Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) Static Series Synchronous Compensators (SSSC) Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC)

when the system configuration is weak with only one of the transmission lines connecting the generator to the infinite bus, the SVC damping control is more effective.
at a high load condition, the SVC damping control provides the power system with a sufficient amount of positive damping to suppress the oscillation,however the SVC damping control is less effective with a smaller value of controller gain.

At a low load condition, the SVC damping control is also less effective.

 Basically

it is a series type fact control

device
Either

the active power or the line current could be used as the input to the this POD. The damping effect is obtained by modulation of the inserted TCSC reactance with a signal, which is proportional to and phase-shifted -90 relative to the measured power swing

A FACTS stabilizer refers to damping controller superimposed on the normal control function of FACTS controller

Control action applied to TCSC devices to increase the system damping is called Power Oscillation Damping (POD)

Reactance order, which is sum a of the steady state reactance reference and output from the Power Oscillation Damping (POD)controller.

 The effectiveness of the POD increases with the active power flowing through the TCSC

A variable gain strategy was developed in order to adapt the actual POD controller gain to different line loading conditions as shown in Figure

where is the phase shift between the controller VSC ac voltage and its bus voltage V .

 The

SSSC is an electronic capacitor whose control system uses feedback control over voltage-sourced converters (VSCs) or currentsourced converters (CSCs) based on gateturn-off-thyristors (GTOs) so that they produce a balanced set of voltages in quadrature with the transmission line current

The SSSC, as a series compensator, has two modes of operation:

The constant reactance mode, in which the SSSC voltage is proportional to the line current, The constant quadrature voltage mode, in which the SSSC voltage is constant quadrature voltage independent of the line current

 A damping

controller with the SSSC in constant quadrature voltage mode has been designed to damp out power system oscillations.

The constant reactance mode of the SSSC has been used to damp out the electromechanical oscillations

 The

unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the most promising device & most versatile controller device used in the FACTS family It is an electrical device for providing fastacting reactive power compensation on highvoltage transmission networks The concept of UPFC makes it possible to handle practically all power flow control and transmission line compensation problems

 The UPFC is by far the best controller, as it provides independent control over the bus voltage and the line real and reactive power flows. Since the UPFC is able to act almost instantaneously to changes in power, it is possible to improve damping and transient stability of a power system by coordinated control actions of the UPFC.

 The

UPFC control system comprises two controllers:

(i) power-flow controller (ii) power-system oscillation-damping controller

o The

power-flow controller regulates the power flow of the line. o Kpp and Kpi are the proportional and integral gain settings of the power-flow controller

 The

real power output of the shunt converter must be equal to the real power input of the series converter or vice versa.
A DC-voltage regulator is incorporated to maintain the power balance between the two converters Thus DC-voltage is regulated by modulating the phase angle of the shunt-converter voltage.

A damping controller is provided to improve the damping of power system-oscillations.

power-flow-controller and DC-Voltageregulator parameters are taken in to account to design the UPFC damping controllers.

The

The UPFCs controllable parameters (mb, me, B and E ) can be modulated in order to produce a damping torque in phase with the speed deviation.

Block I is provided to derive a speeddeviation signal from the electrical power, Pe The second block comprises a Gain,washout filter, lead-lag compensator. The parameters of the lead-lag compensator are chosen to compensate for the phase shift between the control signal and the resulting electrical power deviation.

 Among

the shunt controllers, the STATCOM performs better than SVC. The TCSC is more effective than the shunt controllers, as it offers greater controllability of the power flow in the line. The controllability of the electromechanical mode with the TCPS is relatively higher especially at low loading levels and the electromechanical mode is most controllable by TCSC at heavy loading.

This of bus system (new England)consists of ten generators Type stabilizer Damping ratio

With out fact stabilizer

0.0299

Svc based stabilizer

0.0759

Tcsc based stabilizer

0.105

Upfc based stabilizer

0.182

 Even

though it has been shown that FACTS stabilizers significantly increase stability margins, especially when contingencies occur, and that voltage profiles improve throughout the system, an overall costbenefit analysis must be carried out when considering the use of these FACTS controllers for damping oscillations, given their relatively high costs when compared to PSSs.