Example 1.

Two compression ignition engines

are geometrically similar in design.
One engine has 10 cm bore and it
runs at 1500r.p.m. and the other
engine has 40cm bore and runs at
375r.p.m. Injection of fuel is at
constant rate and it occupies 30
o
of
crank travel in each engine.
The pressure rise up to the end of the
rapid combustion phase is proportional
to the fraction of total fuel injected up
to that point. The pressure of
compressed charge when actual
ignition starts in both engines is 3.42
MN/m
2
. The fuel has an ignition lag of
0.0012 sec and the rapid combustion
phase occupies 4.5 degree of crank
travel in each engine.
If the pressure at the end of rapid
combustion phase in the 10 cm
bore engine is 7.05 MN/m2,
calculate the corresponding
pressure in the 40 cm bore engine.
What are the ignition lag for the
engines in degrees of crank travel?
10 cm bore engine, injection time



40 cm bore engine, injection time

sec 00334 . 0
1500
60
360
30
=
=
t
t
sec 01336 . 0
375
60
360
30
=
=
t
t
10 cm bore engine 4.5 deg crank travel




40 cm bore engine 4.5 deg crank travel



sec 0005 . 0
1500
60
360
5 . 4
5 . 4
5 . 4
=
=
crank
crank
t
t
sec 002 . 0
375
60
360
5 . 4
5 . 4
5 . 4
=
=
crank
crank
t
t
10 cm bore engine, injection time
up to end of rapid combustion
phase= ignition lag +
crank4.5

= 0.0012+0.0005
=0.0017 seconds
40 cm bore engine, injection time
up to end of rapid combustion
phase= ignition lag +
crank4.5

= 0.0012+0.002
=0.0032 seconds
For 10 cm bore engine, fraction of
total fuel injected=
51 . 0
00334 . 0
0017 . 0
. .
. .
=
=
fuel injected
fuel injected
fraction
fraction
For 40 cm bore engine, fraction of
total fuel injected=
24 . 0
01336 . 0
0032 . 0
. .
. .
=
=
fuel injected
fuel injected
fraction
fraction
For 40 cm bore engine, pressure after
rapid combustion phase

( )
2 2
10
40
10 40
/ 13 . 5 / 4 . 52
51 . 0
24 . 0
35 72 35
..
..
m MN cm kg p
p
f raction f uel
f raction f uel
p p
p p p
final
final
initial final
= =
+ =
A = A
A + =
10cm bore engine ignition lag




.
40 cm bore engine ignition lag




travel crank of
lag ignition
lag ignition
.. .. .. deg .. 8 . 10
30
00334 . 0
0012 . 0
..
..
=
=
t
t
travel crank of
lag ignition
lag ignition
.. .. .. deg .. 7 . 2
30
01336 . 0
0012 . 0
..
..
=
=
t
t
Example 2.
A mixture of C
8
H
18
and air having a fuel
air ratio of 0.05 (by weight) is burnt in a
spark ignition engine at constant volume
without any heat loss. The pressure and
temperature of charge at the end of
compression when injection starts are 10
kg/cm
2
and 285
o
C respectively. Calculate
the pressure and temperature at the end
of combustion. Assume constant specific
heats and no dissociation.
Values of C
v
:
C
8
H
18
=0.356 Kcal/kg
O
2
=0.155 Kcal/kg
N
2
=0.176 Kcal/kg
H
2
O=0.36 Kcal/kg
CO
2
=0.158 Kcal/kg
Qc=10560 Kcal/kg
2 2 2 2 2 2 18 8
4 . 61 1 . 4 9 8 76 . 3 6 . 16 6 . 16 N O O H CO N O H C + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 18 8
2 2 2 2 2 18 8
) 114 / 28 76 . 3 ( ) 114 / 18 9 ( ) 114 / 44 8 ( ) ( ) 114 / 76 . 3 28 5 . 12 ( ) ( ) 114 / 32 5 . 12 (
28 76 . 3 5 . 12 18 9 44 8 ) 76 . 3 28 5 . 12 ( ) )( 32 ( ) 4 / 18 8 ( 114
N x O H x CO x N x x x O x x H C
N x x O H x CO x N x x O x H xC
+ + + +
+ + + + +
( )
air moles f uel mole
x
x f uel mole
air moles
x
f uel mole
N O kg f kg air kg f uel kg
air kg f uel kg
air kg f uel kg
actual
air kg f uel kg
x x air kg air kg kgN kgO f uel kg
l theoretica
.. 6 . 16 .. 1
28 76 . 3 32
20
114 .. 1
..
) 28 76 . 3 32 ((
20
.. ) 114 / 1 (
) 76 . 3 ......( 20 .. 1 .. 20 .. 1
.. 20 .. 1
. 1 .. 05 . 0
.. 05 . 15 .. 1
1716 76 . 4 8 . 28 5 . 12 .. 1716 . ) 1316 400 ( .. 114
2 2
2 2
+
(

+
+
(

+
+
+ + +

= = +
( )
6 . 16
28 . 137 05 . 0
114
76 . 3 28 1 32
=

=
+
=
F
M
f
Actual kmoles of O2 per kmole fuel

( )
6 . 16
28 . 137 05 . 0
114
76 . 3 28 1 32
=

=
+
=
F
M
f
2 2 2 2 2 2 18 8
4 . 61 1 . 4 9 8 76 . 3 6 . 16 6 . 16 N O O H CO N O H C + + + + +


T=273+285=558 K
U=n*Cv*T




=237200kcal/kmole fuel





Gas Kmole U kcal/kmole Umix kcal/kmole
C8H18 1 114*0.356*558=
22700
22700*1=22700
O2 16.6 32*0.155*558=
2770
2770*16.6=46000
N2 61.4 28*0.176*558=
2750
2750*61.4=168500


U
products
=U
mix
+Q
c
)
kmole fuel


U
products
=237200+114*10560

= 1447200 kcal/kmole fuel

=437.3T
prod

Product gas kmoles Uprod kcal/kmole fuel
CO2 8 8*44*0.158*T
prod
=55.6T
prod

H2O 9 9*18*0.36*T
prod
=58.4T
prod

N2 61.4 61.4*28*0.176*T
prod
=303.0T
prod

O2 4.1 4.1*32*0.155*T
prod
=20.3T
prod

437.3T
prod
=1447200
T
prod
=3310 K
.
2 2
/ 06 . 6 / 0 . 62
558
3310
) 4 . 61 6 . 16 1 (
) 4 . 61 1 . 4 9 8 (
10
m MN cm kg p
p
T
T
m
m
p p
prod
prod
mix
prod
mix
prod
mix prod
= =

+ +
+ + +
=
=
Example 3.
In a compression ignition engine C
12
H
26
is as fuel.
Air coefficient under full load operation is 1.35.
Pressure and temperature of air at the start of
ignition are 35 kg/cm
2
and 500 C. If combustion
takes place at constant pressure without any heat
loss, calculate the temperature at the end of
combustion. Neglect the effect of dissociation
and variation of specific heats. Effect of sensible
heat and latent heat of evaporation is neglected
Qc=10100 kcal/kg

Values of Cp
Gas Cp
CO
2
0.206 kcal/kg C
H
2
O 0.47 kcal/kg C
O
2
0.217 kcal/kg C
N
2
0.246 kcal/kg C
Kmoles of O
2
per kmole of fuel
95 . 24
35 . 1
4
26
12
=

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 2 2 2 2 2 26 12
8 . 93 45 . 6 13 12 76 . 3 95 . 24 95 . 24 N O O H CO N O H C + + + + +
T at start of ignition=500+273=773
note that in compression ignition engines air only is at 773
fuel is being sprayed and in this problem latent heat and sensible
heat are being neglected






= 632 000 kcal/kmole fuel
2 2 2 2 2 2 26 12
8 . 93 45 . 6 13 12 76 . 3 95 . 24 95 . 24 N O O H CO N O H C + + + + +
Gas kmole Hmix kcal/kmole fuel
C
12
H
26
1 -
O
2
24.95 24.95*32*0.217*773 134000
N
2
93.8 93.80*28*0.246*773 498000
H
prod
=H
mix
+(Qc)
kmole fuel

H
prod
= 632000 +170*10100
H
prod
= 2352000 kcal/kmole fuel




=908.4 T
prod

Product
gas
kmole Hprod kcal/kmole fuel
CO
2
12 12*44*0.206*T
prod
=108.5T
prod

H
2
O 13 13*18*0.47 *T
prod
=110.0T
prod

O
2
6.45 6.45*32*0.217*T
prod
=44.8T
prod

N
2
93.8 93.8*28*0.246*T
prod
=645.1T
prod

.
K T
T
T
o
prod
prod
prod
2590
4 . 908
2352000
2352000 4 . 908
=
=
=
In example 3 if 30% of fuel burns at
constant volume (up to end of rapid
combustion phase) and the
remaining part of fuel burn at
constant pressure, calculate the
pressure and temperature at the
end of combustion
.
For constant volume combustion
start of ignition is still 500 +273=773K







= 452700 kcal/kmole fuel

Gas kmole Umix kcal/kmole fuel
C
12
H
26
0.3 ---
O
2
24.95 24.95*32*0.155*773 =95 700
N
2
93.80 93.30*28*0.176*773 =357000
( )
f uel kmole kcal U
U
Q U U
N O O H CO N O H C
prod
prod
fuel kmole
c mix prod
.. / 968700 516000 452700
10100 * 170 * 3 . 0 452700
3 . 0
8 . 93 4 . 19 9 . 3 6 . 3 8 . 93 95 . 24 3 . 0
..
2 2 2 2 2 2 26 12
= + =
+ =
+ =
+ + + + +
.








= 608.95*T
prod

Product
gas
kmole Uprod Kcal/kmole
fuel
CO
2
3.6 3.6*44*0.158*T
prod
=25.0T
prod

H
2
O 3.9 3.9*18*0.36*T
prod
=25.25T
prod

N
2
93.8 93.8*28*0.176*T
prod
=462.5T
prod

O
2
19.4 19.4*32*0.155*T
prod
=106.2T
prod

..
( )
( )
2 2
o
/ 2 . 7 / 73
773
1590
8 . 93 95 . 24 3 . 0
8 . 93 4 . 19 9 . 3 6 . 3
35
1590 Tprod
608.95
968700
Tprod
968700 Tprod 95 . 608
m MN cm kg p
p
T
T
n
n
p p
K
prod
prod
mix
prod
mix
prod
mix prod
= =

+ +
+ + +
=
=
=
=
=
Constant pressure combustion
Reaction

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26 12
8 . 93 45 . 6 13 12 9 . 3 6 . 3 8 . 93 4 . 19 7 . 0 N O O H CO O H CO N O H C + + + + + + +
For constant pressure combustion









= 1344200 kcal/kmole fuel


Gas kmole Hmix kcal/kmole fuel
C12H26 0.7 ----- ----
CO2 3.6 3.6*44*0.206*1590 =51800
H2O 3.9 3.9*18*0.47*1590 =52400
O2 19.4 19.4*32*0.217*1590 =214000
N2 93.8 93.8*28*0.246*1590 =1026000
















=908.4 T
prod

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 26 12
8 . 93 45 . 6 13 12 9 . 3 6 . 3 8 . 93 4 . 19 7 . 0 N O O H CO O H CO N O H C + + + + + + +
Product gas Kmole Hprod kcal/kmole fuel
CO2 12 12*44*0.206*T
prod
=108.5T
prod

H2O 13 13*18*0.47*T
prod
=110.0T
prod

O2 6.45 6.45*32*0.217*T
prod
=44.8T
prod

N2 93.8 93.8*28*0.246*T
prod
=645.1T
prod

.
( )
2 2
..
/ 2 . 7 / 73
2810
4 . 908
2548200
4 . 908
.. / 2548200
1204000 1344200
7 . 0
m MN cm kg p
K T
T H
f uel kmole kcal H
H
Q H H
prod
o
prod
prod prod
prod
prod
fuel kmole
c mix prod
= =
= =
=
=
+ =
+ =