Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BY
D. V . JOSHI
18-Dec-13
CODES IN CDMA
CDMA CHANNEL STRUCTURE POWER CONTROL DIVERSITY HAND OFFS
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Subscriber
Exchange
Subscriber
Exchange
BTS
BSC
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TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE
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SEPERATED BY CODES.
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FDMA
E
Q U E N C
TDMA
CDMA
Y TIME
18-Dec-13 RK/TR/ALTTC 7 WILL/ overview
CDMA: Code Division Multiple CDMA is a method in which users occupy the same time and frequency allocations, and are channelized by unique assigned codes. The signals are separated at the receiver by using a correlator that Access accepts only signal energy from the desired channel. Undesired signals contribute only to the noise.
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Advantages:-
Salient Features of CDMA It is an advanced comm. Technology. It has Anti-jam and security features. Large capacity as compared to other Technology.
Frequency Reuse.
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Frequency Reuse In CDMA reuse patterns are not required. Subscriber in every cell can use the same frequency at the same time. Subscriber is discriminated from another by the assignment of a unique code to every conversation. In GSM freq. Reuse pattern of 7 is used.
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B C G C D A F D B E C B A G
E G
B
A E
F C
F
C
D
B
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A
A
A A
A A
A
A
A
A
Frequency Bands
CDMA 824- 849 MHz 869- 894 MHz
1850- 1910 MHz 1930- 1990 MHz
PCS
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CDMA channel is 1.25 MHz wide and there is a separation of 45 MHz in the forward and the reverse channel in case of cellular band & and 80 MHz in case of PCS band. CDMA Channel in 800 MHz band 45 MHz
1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz
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1.25 MHz
1.25 MHz
SPREADING SPECTRUM Shannons Equation C= W Log (1+S/N) Where C=Capacity (bps) W=Bandwidth S=Signal Power N=Noise Power Shannons Capacity Equation is basis for spread spectrum. System with large band width can operate at very low SNR level & can provide acceptable data rate per user. Therefore in CDMA - All users uses same 1.25 MHz spectrum. - Each user has unique Digital code identifier. - Digital codes separate users to avoid interference.
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Noise Level
Spread Waveform
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Frequency
PROCESSING GAIN
One of the major advantages with an SS system is its robustness to interference. The system processing gain Gp quantifies the degree of interference rejection. The system processing gain is the ratio of RF bandwidth to the information rate:
=21
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Spread spectrum principle: Originally spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives rise tospread spectrum. A spectrum signal is generated by modulating the radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.
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A number of spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency spectrum and thus the entire bandwidth available in the band will be used by each of the users using same frequency at the same time.
On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is accepted and information content is recovered. The other user signals, whose codes do not match contribute only the noise and are not de-spread back in bandwidth. This transmission and reception of signals differentiated by codes using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of users is known as code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). 18-Dec-13
Techniques as opposed to conventional method of Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access. In the fig. It has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 kbps is spread using a long pseudo-random Noise(PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25 Mhz. At the receiving end this signal will have interference from signals of other users of the same cell, user different cells and interference from other noise sources. All these signals get combined with the desired signal but using a correlator and correct PN code, the original data can be reproduced back.
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ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-
TX
USER INPUT 10011 01101001100101100110
RX
USER OUTPUT
Cell
Cell
10011
10011001100110011001
10011001100110011001
CODE
User Input Spreading Sequence TX Data
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CODE
1 1001 0 1001 1001 0 1001 1001 1 1001 0110 1 1001 0110
0110
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Decoding using incorrect Orthogonal Function 0110 0101 0011 1001 0101 1100 1001 0101 1100 0110 0110
Rx Data
Incorrect Function
?
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Spreading Codes
cdmaOne systems use two types of code sequences: Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes). Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. Long codes (242 =4400 Billion) Short codes (215 =32768)
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Walsh Codes:In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by Unique Walsh code. These are
(a) (b) (c) 64 codes of 64 Bit Length. Forwarded traffic channel Codes. All codes are orthogonal to each other.
(d) These codes provide Isolation between multiple signals transmitted by base stations
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The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows: (a)Repeat the function right (b)Repeat the function below (c) Invert function (diagonally)
Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
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By using this technique we create a set of 64 such codes of 64 bit length which is known as Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to each other. The individual subscriber now can start communication using one of these codes. These codes are traffic channel codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of the information in the entire bandwidth. Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the multiple signals transmitted by the base station.
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PN Code Generation
- PN Codes are generated from prime polynomials using modulo-2 arithmetic.
- State machines generating PN Codes consists of shift registers & XOR gates.
out
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PN offset (Masking)
- Masking will cause the generator to produce the same sequence but offset in time. - Masking provides the shift in time for PN codes. - Different masks corresponds to different time shifts. - ESN are used as masks for users on the traffic channels.
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LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials. (b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls) scrambled. (c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls. (d) This code is unique for every subscriber. (e) It is known as user address mask or user identification. (f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same codes are used. (g) Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps)
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SHORT CODES
(a) This PN sequence is based on 215 characteristics polynomial. (b) (c) Differentiates cells and sectors. Identifies cells and sectors.
(d)
(e) (f)
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Pilot Channel
Sync Channel Paging Channels Traffic Channels Reverse Link Channels Access Channels Traffic Channels
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CDMA CHL ARCHITECTURE Pilot channel (W0) The pilot is used by the subs unit to obtain initial system synchronization and to distinguish cell sites. Every sector of every cell site has a unique pilot channel. Transmitted constantly. Allows the mobile to acquire the system. Provides mobile with signal strength comparison. Approximately 20% of the radiated power is in the pilot.
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Tx at 1200 bps
On this chl base station can page the subs unit and it can send call set-up and traffic chl assignment information.
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Access CHLS.
(a) Provides communication from Mobile to base station when mobile is not using traffic Chl. The access chl is used for call origination & for response to pages, orders & registration requests. It is paired with corresponding paging chl.
cdmaOne Modulation
Information A/D Vocoder Information Bits FEC Code symbols
Chips Spreader
PSK
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9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1
R=1/2
19.2 ksps Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver
Wt
Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps
R=3/4
19.2 ksps
1.2288 Mcps
decimator
800bps
24:1 O PN
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9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1
Orthogonal
R=1/3
Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver 28.8 ksps
Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps
R=1/2
1.2288 Mcps
O PN
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Rake receiver
CDMA mobiles use rake receivers. The rake receiver essentially a set of four or more receivers (or fingers). One of the receivers constantly searches for different multipaths and helps to direct the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath signals. Allows combined reception of up to three different paths. Provides searcher receiver to identify changes in path characteristics/new cells. Provides both path diversity and frequency diversity.
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Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher Correlator
c o m b i n e r
Rake receiver
ANTENNA
T0
T1
T2
T3
DELAY TAPS
W0
W1
W2
W3
TAP WEIGHTS
Summing Circuit
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OUTPUT
VOCODER
Disadvantage of Digital Comm. System Bandwidth expansion of digitally sampled speech Solution : Variable rate vocoder
S(t) A/D S(n) Speech Encoder P(n) CDMA Modem RF
Mobile RF Channel
S(n)
Speech Decoder
P(n)
CDMA Modem RF
Speaker 18-Dec-13
Hand offs
Softer handoff Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)
Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS) Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)
CDMA Capacity
W/R 1 1 N= -------*-----*--------*n *g Eb/Io d 1+f Where N= calls per sector W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz) R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps) Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB) d= Voice activity factor (0.4) f= other interference/ same interference (0.6) n= loading factor (0.8) g= reduction for variable power (0.85) N= 27 users per sector for R=9.6Kbps 18-Dec-13 18 users per sector for R=14.4Kbps
Power control CDMA will not work without an effective power control, because of the near-far problem, fading & varying path loss. The system requires fast closed loop power control for Raleigh fading.
Requires wide dynamic range open loop power control to handle variations in path losses in different locations.
Open loop power control: An original estimate is made by the mobile. Mobile adjusts its trans power according to changes in its received power from the base station. 18-Dec-13
Closed loop power control: Base station provides rapid correction to the mobiles. Compares with the threshold value.
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