Environmental Engineering

Muhammad Arslan
2007-ME-49
4th Semester
Environmental Engineering?
This branch of engineering related with the
Environment.

What areEnvironmental Engineers?

Environmental engineers are technical

professionalswho design, evaluate, and
implement systems that optimize utilization of
natural resources while minimizing their
degradation. They research, plan, and implement
workable air, water, and soil systems and
practices to respond to rapid changes in
technology and human and animal growth.
Our challenge is to balance societal needs,
environmental quality, and sustainability.  The
environmental engineer plays a central role in
developing processes and practices that keep
 Classification of Environmental
Engineering

Mass and
Environment
Energy
and Resources
Transfer

Ecology and Environmental

Biodiversity Chemistry

Water
Air Pollution
Pollution

Human
Global
Population and
Atmospheric
The
Change
Environment
Solid and
Hazardous
Waste
Management
Environment and Resources

Until few decades ago the fundamental role of

the environment as a resource and support
system for the well-being and even survival of
all of the inhabitants on this planet was not
recognized as a fundamental issue by the
majority of peoples and their government. They
believed that only economic wealth and
technological progress would bring peace and
properity to individual societies. The
environmentalists, on the other hand, consider
uncritical technological and economical
development as potentially destructive as they
belive that the environment as our fundamental
P
a
r
Component of
t Environment
Precipitation,
i B
water
c Geosphere i
vapors,energy
u o
l m
a a
t Hydrosphere s
e s
,
Anthrospher
m Atmosphere
i
e N
n u
e t
r Biosphere r
a i
l e
n
M t
Nutrients, s
a
Organic Matter
t
t
e
Classification of Resources

ØRenewable Resources Clear-water, Clean Air, Soil,

Flora, Fauna

ØNon-Renewable Resources Minerals and Ground

Water

ØCountinuous Resources Solar, Wind, Gravity, Tigal,

Geothermal energy

ØExtrinsic Resources Human Skills, Institutions,

Management Ability
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Ecology and Biodiversity
What is Ecology?
“oikos” means “Home” or
“House”
“Logos” means “Study of”
- Literally the term Ecology
refers to the Study of living system
at Home.

Defination:
Ecology is the study of
organisms in relation to
their environment.
 Ecosystem

Ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of

ecology. Being a structural unit, an ecosystem has well-
defined sub-structures and boundaries and being a function
unit it acts as a medium and plateform for a number of
processes required to maintain a state of equilibrium.
Component:
The basic componets of the Ecosystem are
Abiotic
and Biotic .

Function:
Primarily refer to the interactions between
Abiotic and Biotic is the
function of ecosystem.

Types:
The types of Ecosystem are;
– Forest
– Grssland
– Desert
– Aquatic
 Energy Flow

The initial conservation of incoming radial energy

into chemical energy by primary producers is the
essential step to provide energy for all other
organisms inthe ecosystem. The movement of energy
from primary prducers to consumers is effected by the
process of eating. In other words, energy movement
will not take place without consumption of food by

on
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Incoming Solar

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13

De
0
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Tr
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4.98x1000000
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Herbivore gross Carnivore gross

Autotroph gross Herbivory Carnivory
production production
production
630 125
4660 63 12
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-4.97x100000

N N N
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Not utilized

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Food Chain:

Autotrophs and heterotrophs form various feeding levels in the

ecosystem. These feeding levels are called trophic levels.
The trophic level of photoautotrophs is called “producer
level”. Similarly, the herbivores, primery and secondary
carnivores occupy the primery consumer level and
secondary consumer level, respectively and so on. The
movement of organic matter from producer level through
various consumer levels by the process of eating and being
Secondar
y
Sun
consumer
Snake
Primary Tertiary
Producer consumer consumer
Grasshopp
Grass Hawk
er

Decompos
er
Fungi
Water
 Biodiversity
“The variability among living
organisms from all sources, including
terrestial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems and ecological
complexes of which they are a part;
this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.”
In short “ It refers to the number,
variety and variation of living
system.” < Back
 Air Pollution

Air Quality Standered

National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAADS) for major pollutants were notified by the
CPCB in April 1994.These are deemed to be levels
of air quality necessary with an adequate margin
of safety, to protect public health, vegetation and
property.The NAAQS prescribe specific standards
for industrial, residential, rural, and other sesitive
areas.
Sources of Air Pollution
There are many sources of the gases and particulate
matter that pollute our atmosphere. Substances that
emitted directly into the atmosphere are called primary
pollutants, while others that are created by physical
processes and chemical reactions that take place in hte
atmosphere are called secondary pollutants.
 Criteria Pollutants

• Given the on going focus of the air act, most of the

monitoring of emissions, concentrations, and effects of air
pollutionhas been directed towards the 5 criteria
pollutants: Carbon monoxide(CO), Sulfur dioxide(SO2),
Small particulates(PM 10), Nitrogen dioxide(NO2), and
Lead(Pb).
• The transportation sector accounts for a significant
friction of all of the criteria pollutants except for sulfur
oxides. And most of the those emission are from motor
vehicles.
• Nontranspotation, fossil-fuel combustion is responsible for
almost 90 persent of the Sox and half of the Nox and PM
10 emitted in the United States. Most of that is released
at electric power plants, and most of the power plant
emission result from the combustion of coal. Although
most stationary source emissions are caused by
combustion of fossil-fuels, other processes, such as
evaporation of volatile organic substances, grinding, and
forest firea, can be important as well. Our focus, however,
• Combustion that takes place inside of home and
other building to cook, heat water, and provide
space heating and cooling can produce
elevated levels of carbon monoxide,
nitrogenoxide,hydrocarbons and respirable
particulates. Cigarette smoke emits carbon
monoxide, benzene, acrolein and other
aldehydes and particulates, as well as about
400 other chemicals. Some copying machines
emit ozone. Building materials such as
particleboard, plywood, urea-formeldehyde
foam insulation and various adhesives emit
formeldehyde. Chipped and peeling
paint containing lead becomes
airborne toxic dust.
 Air Pollution
Management
• Augmentation and improvement of the
public transport system.
• Mass repid transport system to be expanded
in major urban areas.
• Progressive tightening of emission norms
and fuel quality specifications.
• Greater promotion and use of alternative fuels.
• Improvement in vehical technology.
• Emission standards should be strengthened for
various catagories.
• Support measures such as training and education
for the industry, govt. agencies. etc
• Non-point sources of the pollution are also to be
controlled such as pollution from generator, waste
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burning and the like. Back
 Mass and energy
Transfer
• “Every thing has to go somewhere”
is a simple way to express one of the
most fundamental engineering
princples. More precisely, the law of
conservation of mass says that when
chemical reaction tkes place, matter
is neither created nor destroyed.
Input Output Decay Accumulatio
rat rat rat n
rat
 Material Balance
Boundar
y

Accumulation
Input Output

Decay

Steam Mixutur
e

Waste
 Energy Fundamentals
• Just as we are able to use the law of
conservation of mass to write mass
balane equation that are
fundamental to understanding and
analyzing the flow of materials, we
can in a similar fashion use the first
law of thermodynamics and second
law of thermodynamics to write
energy balance equations that will
help us analyze energy flows.
 First law of
Thermodynamics
This law says that “Energy can
neither be created nor be distroyed
But energy may change its form in
any process”
E = U + K.E. + P.E.

Total
Total energy Total energy Net change
energy of
crossing of mass of energy
mass
boundry as entering in the
leaving
heat & work system system
system
 Second law of
Thermodynamics
Hot Reservoir Hot Reservoir

Heat to Required Heat

engine

Engin Work Output Engin

e e
Work input

Waste Heat Heat to

engine

Cold Reservoir Cold Reservoir

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 Global Atmospheric
Change
• The World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) and United Nation Environment
Program(UNEP) efferts on multivolume
scientific assessment reports on climate
changes and ozone depletion.

The Atmosphere of earth

When earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago it

probably had an atmosphere made up of
helium and compounds of hydrogen such
that early earth is thought, while the
atmosphere is amde up almost of nitrogen
and oxygen, other gases and particals
existing in very small concentrations
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 Water Pollution
• Despite being limited and considered the essence of all life on
earth, water is widely treated as an infinit and expendable
resouce. In addition,it is being polluted by indusrial wast,
sewage, silt from eroded land and chemical wastes and nutients
from agricultural runoff.These toxic substances make their way
into rivers and lakes ane then enter plants, aniamls and humans.

Properties of Water
• Cosider a simple molecule of water H2O. The two hydrogen-to-
oxygen chemical bonds form a 105 degree angle with eachother.
This property helps to explain , water’s surface tension, which
allows it to support relatively heavy objects, such as insects that
skate along its surface.
• Density variable density (Max. At 4 Degree C)
• Specific Heat 4184 J/kg C
• Heat of vaporization 2258 kj/kg
 Water Usage
Surface water Ground
water
76% 24%

41% 39% 13% 7%

Agricultu Power Municipa

Industry
re plant l
Consumption Consumption Consumption Consumption
23% 1% 3% 1%

Return Return Return

Return
38% 10% 6%
18%

Total Total Return

Consumption 72%
 Water Pollutants
• Pathogens
• Oxygen-demanding Wastes
• Nutrients
• Salts
• Thermal Pollution
• Heavy Metals
• Pesticides
• Volatile Organic Compound
Water Pollutent Report
WasteWater Treatment

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 Enironmental Chemistry
• Almost evey pollution problem that we face has a
chemical basis.An environmental engineer who
must design an emission control system or a waste
treatment plant must be well grounded in chemical
priciples and the techniques of chemical
engineering.
• When a chemical reaction is written down, it
provides both qualitative and quantitative
information.
• The balancing of equations so that
the same number of each kind of
atom appears on each side of the
equation and the subsequent
calculation, which can be used to
determine amounts of each compound
• Organic Chemistry
mean the chemistry of
the compounds of carbon.

• Nuclear Chemistry
Pu U + 4 2α + γ

• Nuclear Fission

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 Impacts of human
interactions on
Declining Altered
Resources Biogeochemistry
Food system stress Natural Ozone depletion
Fresh water scarcity
Global warming
Lossof forest & species

Social SwellingPollution
Disintegration Refugees
Unemployment Social Urbanization
Health crisis Income inquity
Family Breakdown
Linkage among social,
economic and
Air Quality
lth
a

Ec ve nt
He

De
on lo
om pm
ic e
al
Education

Natural
Resources
Crime use

Cultural
activities
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 Soild and Hazardous Wast
Management
Solid Wastes: are wastes that are not liquid
or gaseous such as durable goods, nondurable
goods, containers, and packing, food scraps,
yard trimmings and miscellaneous inorganic
wastes. Solid waste is more or less synonymous
with the term
Solidfefuse
Wastes but solid waste is the
(Refuse)

Other Waste Municipal Solid

(construction, Wastes
automobile,indusrtialw (MSW)
aste)
Garbege Rubbish
(food waste)

Trash Noncombustible
Source Reduction

1. Green product Design strategies

2. Product system life extension
3. Material life extension
4. Material selection
5. Reduced material intensiveness
6. Process management
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 Special Thanks
Mam Asia Rehman
&
All of YOU
also
Seniour (Adil Noshairwan)

Editer & Composed BY

Muhammad Arslan