Oracle: A Relational Database System (RDBMS)

Vandana Janeja 10th February 2004 For : Database Systems 22:198:603 Prof. Vijay Atluri Adapted from material by Dr.Richard Holowczak and Dr.Soon Chun

Outline
Background SQL*PLUS SQL

DDL DML DCL Examples

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Components
Oracle Server Front end application VB, Access, Excel etc.

ODBC Driver

Oracle Sybase Access

Sybase Server Access DB

Other details at: http://cimic.rutgers.edu/~holowcza/present/oracle97/index.htm

Core Database Engine

ORACLE RDBMS (Oracle Universal server) Integrated Data Dictionary: manage tables owned by all users in a system SQL: language to access and manipulate data PL/SQL: a procedural extension to SQL language

Interface Tools to access data

SQL*Plus: a command line interface Developer (Developer/2000): forms, reports, and graphical interfaces

Connectivity

SQL*Net and Net8: allow a Oracle client machine to communicate with Oracle data server SQL*Connect and Oracle Gateways: communicate a client machine to access nonoracle data on server machine Oracle Server: receives requests from client machines and submits them to Oracle RDBMS Oracle ODBC drivers: connect software to Oracle databases
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SQL*Plus

Command line tool that process users SQL statements Requires Oracle account
DDL SQL Data Definition

DML
DCL

Data Manipulation Data Control

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Same as your pegasus password

Password: MBAgrad2004

Changing SQL*Plus password

passw command

Getting help
Help command

SQL*Plus Commands
Example of SQL stmt: select * from tab; describe <table name> list : list current sql stmt edit : edit current sql statement (or ! Editorname <filename>) where editor name is vi or pico input : add one or more lines to sqlplus buffer spool : start directing output of sql statements to a file spool off : turn the spool off run (or /): execute the statement in the current buffer save <filename.sql> : save current sql stmt to a file get <filename.sql> : load sql statements into buffer spool <filename>: send output from sql stmt to a file start <filename.sql>: load script file with sql stmts and run them help
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Typing a SQL command

Saving SQL command in a file Editing SQL command in a file

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vi Editor

Executing the SQL command in a file

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Editing SQL command in a notepad

Copy and paste the command

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Basic vi primer For more - man vi

Esc key to toggle between edit and insert mode <- -> down-arrow up-arrow arrow keys move the cursor h j k l same as arrow keys x delete a character dw delete a word dd delete a line 3dd delete 3 lines u undo previous change ZZ exit vi, saving changes :q!CR quit, discarding changes :wq write and save changes

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Structured Query Language (SQL)

The standard query language for creating and manipulating and controlling data in relational databases

MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, etc. specified by a command-line tool or is embedded into a general purpose programming language, C, Pascal, Java, Perl...

Data Definition Language (DDL) Used to create (define) data structures such as tables, indexes, clusters

Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used to store, retrieve and update data from tables
Data Control Language used to control the access to the database objects created using DDL and DML
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SQL as Data Definition Language

DDL is used to define the schema of the database (a collection of database objects, e.g. tables, views, indexes, sequences).

Create, Drop or Alter a table Create or Drop an Index Define Integrity constraints Define access privileges to users Define access privileges on objects

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Create Table

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Create, modify, drop Tables, views, and sequences

CREATE TABLE employee ( emp_number char(4), fname VARCHAR2(8), minit VARCHAR2(2), lname VARCHAR2(9), ssn VARCHAR2(9) NOT NULL, bdate DATE, address VARCHAR2(27), sex VARCHAR2(1), salary NUMBER(7) NOT NULL, superssn VARCHAR2(9), dno NUMBER(1) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (emp_number)) ;
CREATE TABLE dependant ( Last_Name First_name Soc_Sec Date_of_Birth Employee_Soc_Sec d_last_name NOT NULL, VARCHAR(18) NOT NULL, d_soc_sec NOT NULL, DATE, d_soc_sec NOT NULL ); 18

Data Types
A table is made up of one or more columns Each column is given a name and a data type that reflects the kind of data it will store. Oracle supports four basic data types

CHAR NUMBER DATE RAW. There are also a few additional variations on the RAW and CHAR data types.
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 VARCHAR2

Character data type. Can contain letters, numbers and punctuation. The syntax : VARCHAR2(size) where size is the maximum number of alphanumeric characters the column can hold. In Oracle8, the maximum size of a VARCHAR2 column is 4,000 bytes. Numeric data type. Can contain integer or floating point numbers only. The syntax : NUMBER(precision, scale) where precision is the total size of the number including decimal point and scale is the number of places to the right of the decimal. For example, NUMBER(6,2) can hold a number between 999.99 and 999.99.
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NUMBER

 DATE

Date and Time data type. Can contain a date and time portion in the format: DD-MON-YY HH:MI:SS. No additional information needed when specifying the DATE data type. the time of 00:00:00 is used as a default. The output format of the date and time can be modified Free form binary data. Can contain binary data up to 255 characters. Data type LONG RAW can contain up to 2 gigabytes of binary data. RAW and LONG RAW data cannot be indexed and can not be displayed or queried in SQL*Plus. Only one RAW column is allowed per table. Large Object data types. These include BLOB (Binary Large OBject) and CLOB (Character Large OBject). More than one LOB column can appear in a table. These data types are the prefferred method for storing large objects such as text documents (CLOB), images, or video (BLOB).
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RAW

LOB

Foreign Key

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Primary key
CREATE TABLE order_header ( order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL, order_date DATE, sales_person VARCHAR(25), bill_to VARCHAR(35), bill_to_address VARCHAR(45), bill_to_city VARCHAR(20), bill_to_state VARCHAR(2), bill_to_zip VARCHAR(10), PRIMARY KEY (order_number) );
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Foreign key
CREATE TABLE order_items ( order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL, line_item NUMBER(4,0) NOT NULL, part_number VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL, quantity NUMBER(4,0), PRIMARY KEY (order_number, line_item), FORIEGN KEY (order_number) REFERENCES order_header (order_number), FOREIGN KEY (part_number) REFERENCES parts (part_number) );
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Creating indexes/views/sequences
CREATE INDEX items_index ON order_items (order_number, line_item) ASC ;

drop index index_name create view emp_dno1 as select fname, lname, deptno from emp where deptno=4001

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Example : Create/ Drop Table

CREATE TABLE emp_department_1 AS SELECT fname, minit, lname, bdate FROM employee WHERE dno = 1 ; create table high_pay_emp as select * from employee where salary > 50000

Drop table <table_name> Drop table high_pay_emp

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Other Constraints

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Specifying Constraints on Columns and Tables

Constraints on attributes:
NOT NULL - Attribute may not take a NULL value DEFAULT - Store a given default value i PRIMARY KEY - Indicate which attribute(s) form the primary key FOREIGN KEY - Indicate which attribute(s) form a foreign key.

UNIQUE - Indicates which attribute(s) must have unique values.

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Referential Integrity Constraint

Specify the behavior for child tuples when a parent tuple is modified. Action to take if referential integrity is violated:
SET NULL - Child tuples foreign key is set to

NULL - Orphans.

SET DEFAULT - Set the value of the foreign key

to some default value.

CASCADE - Child tuples are updated (or

deleted) according to the action take on the parent tuple.

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Example
CREATE TABLE order_items ( order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL, line_item NUMBER(4,0) NOT NULL, part_number VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL, quantity NUMBER(4,0), PRIMARY KEY (order_number, line_item), FORIEGN KEY (order_number) REFERENCES order_header (order_number) ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE, FOREIGN KEY (part_number) REFERENCES parts (part_number) ); 31

Constraints with name

CREATE TABLE order_header (
order_number NUMBER(10,0) NOT NULL, order_date DATE, sales_person VARCHAR(25), bill_to VARCHAR(35), bill_to_address VARCHAR(45), bill_to_city VARCHAR(20),

bill_to_state VARCHAR(2),
bill_to_zip VARCHAR(10), CONSTRAINT order_header_pk PRIMARY KEY (order_number) );
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Drop

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Removing Schema Components with DROP

DROP TABLE table_name

DROP TABLE table_name CASCADE

DROP TABLE table_name RESTRICT DROP INDEX index_name DROP CONSTRAINT table_name.constraint_name
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Alter

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Given a table - students

CREATE TABLE student (studentid NUMBER(5,0), first_name VARCHAR2(25), last_name Varchar2(10), major VARCHAR2(15), gpa NUMBER(6,3) default 4.0, tutorid NUMBER(5,0), home_phone varchar2(10));

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Changing Table Components with ALTER

Changing Attributes: ALTER TABLE student MODIFY last_name VARCHAR(35);

alter table student modify gpa NUMBER(6,3) default 0.0;

Adding Attributes: ALTER TABLE student ADD admission DATE; Removing Attributes (not widely implemented): ALTER TABLE student DROP column home_phone
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Syntax of commands
alter table add/modify column create table tname ( colname, datatype, not null, ...); create table .. as <sql stmt> drop table tname create index <indexname> on tname (colname, colname); drop index <indexname> create sequence <seqname> increament by .. start with maxvalue cycle; drop sequence create view <vname> as <sql select stment = select <colnames> from tname where <condition> (read only, no insert, update or delete) drop view
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DML

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SQL DML
commit delete insert rollback select update
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Data Manipulation Language

INSERT INTO tablename (column1, column2, ... columnX) VALUES (val1, val2, ... valX);

Examples: INSERT INTO employee (first_name, last_name, street, city, state, zip) VALUES ("Buddy", "Rich", "123 Sticks Ln.", "Fillville", "TN", "31212");
INSERT INTO stocks (symbol, close_date, close_price) VALUES ("IBM", "03-JUN-94", 104.25); INSERT INTO student_grades (student_id, test_name, score, grade) VALUES (101, "Quiz 1", 88, "B+");

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Delete and Update commands

DELETE FROM <table name> WHERE <where-clause>

UPDATE <table name> SET<column name> = <expression> WHERE <where-clause>

If the WHERE clause is omitted, all rows in the table will be deleted.

UPDATE employee SET salary = salary * 1.03 WHERE dno = (SELECT dno FROM department WHERE dname = 'MARKETING');

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DCL: Data Control Language

Controlling Access to database objects such as tables and views
Example : Granting Mary the access to Table student (for inserting, updating and deleting)

GRANT INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON Student TO Mary GRANT <privileges> ON <object name> TO <grantee> [ <comma> <grantee> ... ] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] WITH GRANT OPTION: allows the grantee to further grant privileges Can be limited to a column of a table, Ex: GRANT UPDATE(name) ON Student TO Mary To revoke privileges : REVOKE

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A Bank Example

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Designing A Database - A Bank Example

A database to track their customers and accounts. Tables

CUSTOMERS Customer_Id, Name, Street, City, State, Zip ACCOUNTS Customer_Id, Account_Number, Account_Type, Date_Opened, Balance

Customer_Id is the key for the CUSTOMERS table. Account_Number is the key for the ACCOUNTS table. Customer_Id in the ACCOUNTS table is called a Foreign Key
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Customer
Column Customer_Id (Key) Name Street City State Zip Data Type Integer Character Character Character Character Character Size 20 30 30 25 2 5

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Accounts
Column Customer_Id (FK) Account_Number (Key) Account_Type Date_Opened Balance

Data Type Size

Integer Integer Character Date Real

20 15 2 12,2

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Example: Customer Table

Customer_Id 1001 1002 1003 1004 Name Mr. Smith Mrs. Jones Mr. Axe Mr. & Mrs. Builder Address City 123 Lexington 12 Davis Ave. 443 Grinder Ln. 661 Parker Rd. State Zip KY KY GA GA 91232 91232 81992 81990

Smithville Smithville Broadville Streetville

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Example: Accounts Table

Customer ID 1001 1001 1002 1003 Account_Number 9987 9980 8811 4422 Account_Type Checking Savings Savings Checking Date Opened 10/12/89 10/12/89 01/05/92 12/01/94

Balance

4000.00

2000.00

1000.00

6000.00 500.00 800.00

1003
1004 1004

4433
3322 1122

Savings
Savings Checking

12/01/94
08/22/94 11/13/88

9000.00

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Business Rules
Business rules allow us to specify constraints on what data can appear in tables and what operations can be performed on data in tables. For example:
An account balance can never be negative.

A Customer can not be deleted if they have an

existing (open) account. Money can only be transferred from a "Savings" account to a "Checking" account. Savings accounts with less than a $500 balance incur a service charge.

How do we enforce business rules ?

Constraints on the database Applications
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Create, modify, drop Tables, views, and sequences

CREATE TABLE employee
(fname VARCHAR2(8), minit VARCHAR2(2), lname VARCHAR2(9), ssn VARCHAR2(9) NOT NULL, bdate DATE, address VARCHAR2(27), sex VARCHAR2(1), salary NUMBER(7) NOT NULL, superssn VARCHAR2(9), dno NUMBER(1) NOT NULL) ;
CREATE TABLE dependant ( Last_Name First_name Soc_Sec Date_of_Birth Employee_Soc_Sec

d_last_name NOT NULL,

VARCHAR(18) NOT NULL, d_soc_sec NOT NULL, DATE, d_soc_sec NOT NULL ); 51

More DML- the Select command

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CREATE TABLE students (studentid NUMBER(5,0), name VARCHAR2(25), major VARCHAR2(15), gpa NUMBER(6,3), tutorid NUMBER(5,0)); INSERT INTO students VALUES (101, 'Bill', 'CIS', 3.45, 102); INSERT INTO students VALUES (102, 'Mary', 'CIS', 3.10, NULL); INSERT INTO students VALUES (103, 'Sue', 'Marketing', 2.95, 102); INSERT INTO students VALUES (104, 'Tom', 'Finance', 3.5, 106); INSERT INTO students VALUES (105, 'Alex', 'CIS', 2.75, 106); INSERT INTO students VALUES (106, 'Sam', 'Marketing', 3.25, 103); INSERT INTO students VALUES (107, 'Jane', 'Finance', 2.90, 102); Example table COURSES: Create table courses(studentid NUMBER(5,0) NOT NULL, coursenumber VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL, coursename VARCHAR2(25), semester VARCHAR2(10), year NUMBER(4,0), grade VARCHAR2(2)); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'CIS3400', 'DBMS I', 'FALL', 1997, 'B+'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'CIS3100', 'OOP I', 'SPRING', 1999, 'A-'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (101, 'MKT3000', 'Marketing', 'FALL', 1997, 'A'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'CIS3400', 'DBMS I', 'SPRING', 1997, 'A-'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'CIS3500', 'Network I', 'SUMMER', 1997, 'B'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (102, 'CIS4500', 'Network II', 'FALL', 1997, 'B+'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'MKT3100', 'Advertizing', 'SPRING', 1998, 'A'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'MKT3000', 'Marketing', 'FALL', 1997, 'A'); INSERT INTO courses VALUES (103, 'MKT4100', 'Marketing II', 'SUMMER', 1998, 'A-');
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StudentID Name Major

GPA TutorId

101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Bill Mary Sue Tom Alex Sam Jane

CIS CIS Marketing Finance CIS Marketing Finance

3.45 3.1 2.95 3.5 2.75 3.25 2.9

102
102

106 106 103 102

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Some queries
Average GPA of all students
SELECT AVG(gpa) FROM students; AVG(GPA) ---------- 3.12857143

Average GPA of Finance and CIS students: SELECT AVG(gpa) FROM students WHERE major = 'CIS' OR major =
'Finance'; AVG(GPA) ---------- 3.14

Select all students whose major is CIS

Select * from students where major =CIS
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