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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Every substance is toxic, there is not even one that isnt Dosis sola facit venenum
The dose is what
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) He is called the father of occupational medicine When you get to the bed of your patient ask him what he does for a
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
James Marsh (17941896) British scientist that created the analytic method to detect and validate arsenic, known as the Mars Test.
phosgene, mustard gas are used during World War I. Use of chemical, biologic and atomic bombs during World War II.
products Drugs
CHEMICAL DISASTERS
TOXICOLOGY
TOXICOLOGY CONCEPT
(BALLANTYNE 1999)
Science that studies the interaction between chemical agents and biological systems, in order to quantitatively determine the potential of the chemical agents to cause damage in living organisms.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
Inter disciplinary science that studies the negative effects of the chemical agents in biological systems.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
ACTION MECHANISM TOXIC
STUDIES
DIAGNOSE PREVENTION INTOXICATION
TREATMENT
MAIN CONCEPTS
XENOBIOTIC AGENT
Chemical substance that is not a natural component of
MAIN CONCEPTS
TOXIC
Chemical
substance capable of causing damage to a biological system, affecting its functions or causing death under certain exposure conditions.
MAIN CONCEPTS
TOXIC CONTAMINANT
The forms of matter that exceed natural concentrations in a certain moment and system, causing damages and negative effects on it.
TOXICITY
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PATHOGEN MICROORGANISMS
NATURAL
Volcanic Activity
Agriculture practices
Mine exploration
ANTHROPOGENIC
Industrial processes
Car pollution
HEAVY METALS
The main exponents: O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, K, Mg, Ti y P;
sometimes they represent up to 99% of the total composition of a substance (the rest is called traces).
can be accumulated up to toxic levels. include:
They are took by plants and animals in small amounts and Methalic elements with 6 g/m3 in free state. They Essential elements with non-toxic effects such as Iron. Essential elements in low concentrations and toxic in high
pretty high level of toxicity, their hazard and risk manifest just when absorption and accumulation in the organism exceeds certain limits considered as phisiologically acceptable.
Reduces performance or quality of vegetal
production.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
TOXICITY OF A SUBSTANCE: CAPACITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE DAMAGE OR DEATH IN A LIVNG ORGANISM
ENVIONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
ACCUMULATIVE EFFECT: When the adverse effects are unperceptible and the addition of these little effects show their signs when they are irreversible.
THRESHOLD EFFECTS: The effects are shown when the amount exceeds certain limit, it depends on the characteristics of the substance and the system.
INTERACTION EFFECT: When two or more substances interact, either in a chemical way (resulting in another substance), or in a biological way (causing effects that they couldnt cause by themselves).
environment.
BIO-MAGNIFICATION: Pogressive increase of the
of
contaminant
Complex and not very known process that depends on the chemical and physical properties of the substance and in the characteristics of the environment. The gas, liquids and solids movement takes place in the envronment through air, water, soil, sediments, plant and animals.
2.
AND
BIOLOGICAL
WATER SOLUBILITY: It establishes the substance capability to migrate in the envorinment; if the substance is more soluble, the easiest for the environment to bio-degradate it.
DENSITY: The fluids that are more dense than water
penetrate and go to te bottom of the water body, the lighter ones tend to stay on the surface.
STEAM PRESSURE: The volatility degree of the
chemical.
and
the
chemicals
MAIN CONCEPTS
EXPOSURE Its a measure of the contact between the chemical agent and the living organism; it depends on the concentration and the time.
MAIN CONCEPTS
ROUTS OR WAYS OF EXPOSURE
Is the path that a chemical agent follows
in the environment from the place where it is liberated up to the point when it makes contact with the population or the exposed individual.
EXPOSURE ROUTES
Water Air Human Income of Chemical agents
Occupational Exposure (oral,dermic,respiratory) Occasional Exposure (oral) Medicines
Food
PLUMBUM
COMBUSTION GASES
PESTICIDES
FERTILIZERS
PLUMBUM TOBACCO
EXPOSURE ROUTS
ACUTE EXPOSURE
CHRONIC EXPOSURE
MAIN CONCEPTS
EFFECT
Any
deviation of the normal performance of the organism, caused by toxic substances exposure.
ACUTE EFFECT
CHRONIC EFFECT
Toxicodynamics
WHAT
DO
WITH
THE
TYPES OF EFFECTS
Reversible Effect Irreversible Effect Acute Effect Chronic Effect Local Effect Systemic Effect
MAIN CONCEPTS
INTOXICATION
Pathological process caused by exposure
to endogenous or exogenous chemical substances, which is evidenced by clinic signs and symptoms or through laboratory tests.
MAIN CONCEPTS
DOSE:
The total amount of a substance that the
of a material that penetrates an organism using some of the specific exposure routes.
MAIN CONCEPTS
TOXIC DOSE: Dose that produces some toxic effect. LETHAL DOSE: Dose that produces death. DL100 ( Lethal dose 100) DL50 (Lethal Dose 50)