Lecture 7 - Flexure

September 18, 2001

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Basic Concepts
Rectangular Beams
Non-uniform beams
Balanced Beams
Flexural Stress

Plane sections remain plane ( not true for deep
beams h > 4b)
The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the
strain in the concrete at the same level, i.e. c
s
= c
c
at same level.
Stress in concrete & reinforcement may be
calculated from the strains using oc curves for
concrete & steel.
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
Flexural Stress

Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for
calculation of flexural strength.
Concrete is assumed to fail in compression, when
c
c
(concrete strain) = c
cu
(limit state) = 0.003
Compressive oc relationship for concrete may
be assumed to be any shape that results in an
acceptable prediction of strength.
Additional Assumptions for design (for simplification)
Flexural Stress
The concrete may exceed the c
c
at the outside edge of the
compressive zone.
Flexural Stress
The compressive force is modeled as C
c
= k
1
k
3
f
c
b*c at
the location x = k
2
*c
Flexural Stress
The compressive coefficients
of the stress block at given for
the following shapes.

k
3
is ratio of maximum stress
at f
c
in the compressive zone
of a beam to the cylinder
strength, f
c
(0.85 is a typical
value for common concrete)
Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.
Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution has
what is known as a |
1
coefficient is proportion of average
stress distribution covers.
65 . 0
4000
4000
* 15 . 0 85 . 0
psi 4000 for 85 . 0
c
1
c 1
>
(

=
s =
f
f
|
|
Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-strain Compatibility
-Stress at a point in member
must correspond to strain at a
point
[2] Equilibrium
Internal forces balance external
forces
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
= =
n
c s s
x
M
2
T 0
85 . 0
C T 0
a
d M
ab f f A
F
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
=
=
2
M
85 . 0
85 . 0
y s
n
c
y s
c
s s
a
d f A
Tjd
b f
f A
a
ab f C
f A T
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm c
s
>c
y

( )
y c s
1
s
y
y
c c c
|
o
c
>

=
=
=
c
c d
a
c
E
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
Given a rectangular beam
f
c
= 4000 psi |
1
= 0.85
f
y
= 60 ksi (4 #7 bars)
b = 12 in. d = 15.5 in. h= 18 in.
Find the neutral axis.
Find the moment capacity of the
beam.
Flexural Stress - Example
Given that the beam with concrete
rated at f
c
=6000 psi and the steel is
rated at f
s
=60,000 psi. d= 12.5 in.
(a) Determine the area of the steel
for a balanced system.
(b) Determine the moment capacity
of the beam. M
n
(c) Determine the NA.
For a non-rectangular beam
Three possibilities in I nelastic
Behavior

Compression Failure - (over-reinforced
beam)
Tension Failure - (under-reinforced beam)
Balanced Failure - (balanced reinforcement)
I nelastic Behavior
Compression Failure
The concrete will crush
before the steel yields. This
is a sudden failure.
The beam is known as an
over-reinforced beam.
I nelastic Behavior
Tension Failure
The reinforcement yields
before the concrete crushes.
The concrete crushes is a
secondary compression
failure.
The beam is known as an
under-reinforced beam.
I nelastic Behavior
Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes and the
steel yields simultaneously.
The beam is known as an
balanced-reinforced beam.
I nelastic Behavior
Which type of failure is the most desirable?
The under-reinforced beam
is the most desirable.
f
s
= f
y

c
s
>> c
y

You want ductility system
deflects and still carries load.
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio,
For rectangular cross-sections, :


[1] Upper Limit on

ACI 10.3.3
This will ensure steel yields; c
s
(1.8 to 2.0)c
y
@
failure
bd
A
s
=
bal
75 . 0 s
~
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio,
It is best to keep = ( 0.4 to 0.5 )
bal
to allow enough
space to place reinforcement and to limit cracking and
deflection.
[2] Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1

ACI Eqn. 10 - 3
f
c
& f
y
are in psi
d b
f
d b
f
f
A
w
y
w
y
c
s(min)
*
200
*
3
>
'
=
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio,
[2] Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1


Lower limit used to avoid Piano Wire beams.
Very small A
s
( M
n
< M
cr
)
c
s
is huge (large deflections)
when beam cracks (M
n
> M
cr
) beam fails right away
because M
n
< M
cr

y y
c
min
200

3
f f
f
>
'
=
Additional Requirements for Lower
Limit on

If A
s
(provided) 4/3 A
s
(required) based on
analysis, then A
s
(min) is not required.

for A
s
(provided)
See ACI 10.5.3

>
u n
M
3
4
M > |
Additional Requirements for Lower
Limit on
Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement in
structural slabs and footings (ACI 7.12) place
perpendicular to direction of flexural reinforcement.
GR 40 or GR 50 Bars: A
s
(T&S) = 0.0020 A
g
GR 60 or Welded Wire Fabric (WWF):
A
s
(T&S) = 0.0018 A
g

A
g
- Gross area of the concrete
Determine Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio,
bal

bal
= unique value to get simultaneous c
c
= 0.003
& c
s
= c
y

Use similar triangles:
b
y
b
c d c
003 . 0

=
c
Determine Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio,
bal

( )
( ) ( )
y
1 b 1 b
y
b
y b
b y b
003 . 0
003 . 0
c a
003 . 0
003 . 0
c
003 . 0 003 . 0 c
c c 003 . 0 003 . 0
c
| |
c
c
c
+
= =
+
=
= +
=
d d
d
d
The equation can be rewritten to find c
b

Determine Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio,
bal

The equation can be rewritten to find
bal

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
=
'
=
=
'
=
y y
1 c
s(bal)
bal
y y
1 c
s(bal)
s
s
y y
1 c
y
b c
s(bal)
y s(bal) b c
000 , 87
000 , 87
*
85 . 0
bd
000 , 87
000 , 87
*
bd 85 . 0
*
003 . 0
003 . 0
*
d b 85 . 0 ba 85 . 0
ba 85 . 0
f f
f
A
f f
f
A
E
E
f
f
f
f
A
f A f T C
|

|
c
|
Example - Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio,
bal

Given:
b =12 in. d = 15.5 in. h = 18 in.
f
c
= 4000 psi
f
y
= 60 ksi (4 #7 bar)
Determine A
s(bal),
A
s(allow)

A
s(min)

Example
Given:
f
c
= 3 ksi & f
y
= 40 ksi
Determine:
(1) the balanced steel reinforcement.
(2) the maximum reinforcement area
allowed
(3) position of the NA and depth of
the compressive stress block.