Lecture 10

2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

1. Language change
Seven mechanisms which make language change:
code switching Bilingual L1 acquisition deliberate decision

code alternation

SLA strategies

passive familiarity

negotiation

2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#1: LC by code-switching
Thomason refers to nativization as a feature of CS. Language change is occurred, first if monolingual

speakers use a source language element when speaking their language, interference is plausible (as speakers cannot code-switch to and from a language that they do not know). Secondly, if an element is nativized, it is plausible that it is an established interference feature. If it is not nativized then it could be either an established interference feature or a code-switch.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#2: LC by code-alternation
Code alternation (CA) is a communication

strategy that does not occur in the same conversation with the same speaker. CA is common existed when speakers use one language at home and another in the work place, etc. Borrowing interference is considered less in CA comparatively with CS. However, CA less brings in shift induced language change.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#3: LC by Passive Familiarity

Passive familiarity (PF) is less visible than CA. It is occured when speakers acquire a feature

from a language that he/she understands but has never actively spoken it (Thomason 2001: 139). PF too involves partial activation of a foreign system. PF are found from languages that are closely related and share much of their vocabulary.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#4 : LC by Negotiation
First negotiation is marked by speakers who are not

fluent in the languages. In such situations, speakers of language A (who are not fluent in language B) trying to emulate the patterns of language B in speaking the language A. Second type of negotiation is marked if the speakers are proficient in both languages (i.e. bilinguals) where the structures of A and B will converge. In this type of negotiation there will be no errors according to Thomason (2001). Both negotiation can induce language change.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#5 : LC by SLA strategies
SLA strategies may induce to a language change such

as the gap filling approach (using material from the native language while speaking the target language; Or, maintaining distinctions and patterns of the native language in constructing the target language (the projection of L1 structure to L2 structure); Language change is also occurred by ignoring distinctions of the target language which results in errors of omission and failure to learn certain features of the target language.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#6 : LC by Bilingual FLA
It is observed to occur in the domain of

acquiring two languages simultaneously as L1s. Children growing up bilingual revealed an increase in word order patterns. Another feature that characterizes bilingual first language acquisition is phonological features like intonation.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

#7 : LC by Deliberate decision
Speakers can [if they wish to do so]

deliberately change their language by adopting certain loanwords, phonological categories and syntax (Thomason 2001). By a deliberate decision, speakers make their own code to speak; such as handsomest for most handsome. Standard languages can deliberately undergo significant changes.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

2. Language Shift
Language shift may lead to the death of another language

in its totality, leaving no speakers of the language, or death of the language in a specific community. Bilingualism can ultimately lead to language shift in a society and is oftenmarked by intergenerational switching of the languages. Another factor associated with language shift is that of migration. A large number of speakers of the other language may migrate or be imported to a society. Urbanization and prestige are two other factors that have been identified as influential in language spread and shift.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

3. Language Maintenance
If a shift does not occur, or if it occurs only in certain domains of a society, then some degree of language maintenance occurs. The language used in other government agencies is also of some importance in supporting of a language maintenance. The language that the government chooses for its

schools and for communication with its people can also promote language shift if there is no support for the maintenance of the native language.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

4. Language & Nationalism

Nationalists often use language as a symbol of national identity and at the same time as an instrument to promote the distinctiveness of the group.

Nationalism is considered as a movement that can promote the spread or maintenance of a language (Lewis, 1985; Dressler, 1982). In Indonesia, language nationalism is maintained by the use of Bahasa Indonesia as the national language, not the others.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

5. Conclusion: Nationalism, L-shift and L-maintenance

Nationalist movements may drive for maintenance of the native language even when conditions for

shift are present. When the instrumental motivation to learn the additional language no longer exists, language shift is also less likely to occur. Nationalism's emphasis on language loyalty appears to play a role not only in native language maintenance but also in impeding the spread or shift to another language.
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Thank you
Terimakasih Dankjewel
Syukron

Merci

Arigato
Salamat

Bedank
2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Gracias