SOLID

crystalline

amorphous

Organic
Principal atom present is carbon Bonding is covalent generally non electrical conductor

Inorganic

Composed of other atoms aside from carbon

Bonding is ionic
generally electrical conductor

CARBON
1. They can form multiple bond( single, double or triple) to another carbon atom. 2. They can form ISOMER
3. They can form stable bond to other atoms such as oxygen, sulfur nitrogen,halogen and hydrogen

CARBON
Allotropes Amorphous

Allotropes Form of the same element having different structure

Amorphous

amorphous

CARBON
Allotropes

Graphite

Diamond

Graphite
Most stable carbon allotrope All carbons are sp2 hybridized Carbon atoms are arranged in layers in an open honey comb pattern

Graphite
The fully delocalized nature of the carbon atoms give rise to its black color and conductivity Used as lubricant

Diamond
All carbons are sp3 hybridized Carbon atoms are form an insulating network of cross linked cyclohexane chair conformers

Diamond
The densest and hardest material known Less stable than graphite Can be transformed into graphite at very temperature

Diamond Buckminster Fullerene (C60)

Discovered by Curl, Kroto and Smalley. A spherical allotrope of carbon in the shape of a soccer ball

Soluble in organic solvents

Amorphous Carbon
A form of carbon that do not have a crystalline structure

Kinds of Amorphous Carbon

Coke Charcoal Coal

CHARCOAL
Bone black
Made by heating animal bones and dissolving out Ca3(PO4)2
Used in refining sugar

 Activated Charcoal
Charcoal that has been activated for absorption by steaming or by heating in a vacuum

 Activated Charcoal
produced from carbonaceous source materials such as nutshells, peat, wood, coir, lignite, coal, and petroleum pitch.

 used in gas purification, decaffeinatio n, gold purification, metal extraction, water purification, medicine, se wage treatment, air filters in gas masks and respirators

2 types of activated charcoal

fine powder
The fine powder is good at diffusing in water, so it is used in solution or liquid related industries

pills or flakes.
used in gaspurifying industries / products; such as, air purifier, poisonous gas preventor , and cigarette butt,

 Wood Charcoal
Produced through destructive distillation of wood.

 dark grey residue consisting of carbon, and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation sub stances.

produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen

produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen

less dense than activated charcoal

COAL a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams

COAL

Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

COAL

extracted from the ground by coal mining , either underground by shaft mining, or at ground level by open pit mining extraction.

COAL

largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide sources of carbon dioxide releases

COAL

largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest worldwide sources of carbon dioxide releases

Types of Coal Lignite

has the lowest carbon content. It has less energy and heat content. It's major use lies in producing synthetic natural gas and generating fertilizers.

Types of Coal Bituminous coal

has the sufficient heating value. 80% of bituminous coal is used for the purpose of generating electricity and the major support behind textile and plastic industries.

The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 6080%; the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulfur.

Extraction of Bituminous coal demands the highest safety procedures involving attentive gas monitoring, good ventilation and vigilant site management.

known for releasing the largest amounts of firedamp, a dangerous mixture of gases that can cause underground explosions..

Anthracite coal
is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest calorific content of all types of coals

the carbon content is between 92.1% and 98%

The moisture content of freshmined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent.