Crop Protection

GTN 4401

Control of insect Chapter 5.3

Outline

Strategies of insect management Biological control - managing insect with natural enemies Cultural control - managing crop environment - managing insect with resistant crop - modifying insect development and behavior

Outline

Chemical control - insect growth regulator (hormone) - feromones - chemosterilant - insecticide

Insect management

Can be developed based on 4 strategies 1. Do nothing (when insect density is below economic threshold) 2. Reduce insect population number (based economic threshold) 3. Reduce crop susceptibility to insect injury (via crop environment manipulations) 4. Combine reduced population numbers with reduced crop susceptibility

Biological control of insect

Biological control can be grouped into 3 categories 1. Introduction of natural enemies 2. Augmentation 3. Conservation Natural enemies can be grouped into 1.Parasitoid insect that parasitize other insects Predator bird, fish, amphibian, reptiles, insect, mammals (bat, rodent) Pathogenic microbes bacteria, virus and fungi

Biological control of insect

Introduction - identify the natural enemies that regulate the insect population in its original location and introduce these into the insects new location. Eg. Citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi can be controlled by Eretmocerus serius, a wasp parasitoid.

Biological control of insect

Augmentation - activity designed to increase numbers or effects of existing natural enemies - this can be achieved by releasing additional numbers of a natural enemies - but the release is only for temporary suppression (one season or less) - There are two types of release 1. inundative release 2. Inoculative release

Biological control of insect

Inundative releases - the release of natural enemies suppress the insect population, with little or no impact from progeny of the released individuals Eg. Bacillus thuringiensis against beetle Inoculative releases - Once they are released, the natural enemies is able to colonize and spread throughout an area naturally. Eg. Parasitoid, Pediobius foveolatus against bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis

Biological control of insect

Conservation - Conservation of natural enemies is to protect and maintain the existing population in an agro-ecosystem. - Require knowledge about life system of natural enemies, including life cycle, food source, habitat.

Cultural control of insect

Managing crop environment 1. reducing favorability of the ecosystem - sanitation : i) remove or destroy crop residue via plowing & burning ii) disposal of animal wastes (food & habitat for insect larvae) iii) efficient storage & processing (dry & cool atmosphere prevent infestation of storedgrain insect)

Cultural control of insect

- destruction or modification of alternate hosts and habitats : i) insect has requirement that cannot be met by crop itself. It needs to move out or switch to other foods (alternate host and habitat) during certain parts of year. - Tillage : i) tillage can destruct alternate insect habitat by modifying soil texture, moisture and temperature. It is applied when insects are dormant or when pupation occurs.

Cultural control of insect

- irrigation and water management i) Flooding, sprinkler irrigation 2. disrupting continuity of insect requisites - reduce continuity in space via crop spacing & crop location. i) crop planted close together create closed canopies that aid in insect movement. Adverse effects and benefits of spacing vary from insect to insect.

Cultural control of insect

- upset chronological continuity via crop rotation, crop fallowing & disrupting crop & insect synchrony. i) Crop rotation provide discontinuity of an insect s requisite when one crop is rotated to another crop. Dont rotate crop which is botanically similar. ii) Fallowing provide a gap in the supply of requisites for insect and may purge an area of difficult insect.

Cultural control of insect

iii) insects become pests because the seasonal cycle is synchronized with seasonal cycle of the crop. When crop phenology like emergence, flowering, fruiting & seed maturity can be changed to asynchronous with insect events like egg laying, larval development, insect number can be reduced.

Cultural control of insect

3. diverting insect populations away from crop - trap cropping i) involves planting small areas of a crop or other species near the protected crop. This alternate environment (trap) will attract the insects move into it and stay way from the protected crop - Strip harvesting i) similar to trap cropping except that for strip harvesting, a trap is created in a main crop by harvesting different areas at different times.

Cultural control of insect

4. reduce the impact of insect injury - modify harvest schedules i) Harvest time of crop vary within certain acceptable limit. Harvest date can sometimes be modified to avoid some types of insect loses. As a rule, crop injured by insects should be harvested at the earliest possible date.

Cultural control of insect

Managing insect with resistant crop i) modify crop to be more tolerant of insect injury due to non-preference and apparent resistance via genetic engineering and breeding - Non-preference a) allelochemic non-preference (antibiosis) cause the crop to be totally rejected by insect because of the allelochemical produced by crop

Cultural control of insect

b) Morphological non-preference cause the crop rejected by insect for oviposition due to lack of structure like trichome. However, non-preference may break down if alternate host (more preferable) is absent. - Apparent resistance Is called ecological resistance or pseudoresistance. Rely heavily on environmental conditions, temporary. Has 2 types.

Cultural control of insect

Type I : host evasion - crop passes through a susceptible stage quickly. Eg. Early maturing varieties Type II : Induced resistance - Environmental factors like fertilization and soil moisture may make plant more tolerant to insect.

Chemical control of insect

Modifying insect development and behavior 1. Modifying behavior patterns - Use of sex and aggregation pheromones to attract and trap insects - Use of epideictic pheromones or plant allomones as insect repellents 2. disrupting normal growth and development - Use of insect growth regulator (hormone) that disrupt molting that either inhibit chitin synthesis or accelerate the onset of molting. Eg. pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide

Chemical control of insect

- Sterilizing insect with x-ray and chemosterilant and then release the sterile insects to natural population. When insects are sterilized, they will not add new individuals to next generation. The whole population will be eradicated finally. Eg. Chemosterilant like triazine, phosphorus amides, alkylating agent (busulfan). These chemicals are toxic to human.

Chemical control of insect

- Use of insecticide that kill insect, it is classified based on several characteristics i) Stomach poison or contact poison Stomach poison enters the insect body through gut and fatal only after it is eaten. Sometimes, it is called systemic insecticide, effective on killing piercing-sucking insect. Contact poison enters the body when the insect walk or crawl over treated surface.

Chemical control of insect

ii) Mode of action - Trachea system (fumigants, volatile compounds) like napthalene, magnesium phosphide; oil - Nerve system like organophosphate and carbamates, pyrethroids - Muscle system like ryania

Chemical control of insect

iii) Organic (natural or synthetic) or inorganic - Contact natural organics like mineral oil and botanical insecticide (pyrethrum, nicotine, ryania) iv) Chemical group - Contact synthetic organics like carbamates organophosphate, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons

Chemical control of insect

Carbamates broad spectrum; eg. carbafuron, chlorpyrifos, diazinon Organophosphate malathion, parathion, diazinon, profenofos Pyrethroids cypermethrin, fenvalerate Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT, HCH, lindane, cyclodienes (aldrin, endosulfan), toxaphene.