INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN

Prof. Ashraf Husain

NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC

AUTONOMIC

SOMATIC

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD CRANIAL NERVES AND PERIPHERAL NERVE

AUTONOMIC

SYMPATHETIC

PARASYMPATHETIC

MENINGES
1. DURA MATER Outer covering 2. ARACHNOID MATER Middle covering 3. PIA MATER Inner most covering

SKULL EPIDURAL SPACE DURA MATER SUBDURAL SPACE ARACHNOID MATER CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) PIA MATER BRAIN MATER

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

BRAIN

FORE BRAIN e.g. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

MID - BRAIN

HIND BRAIN PONS

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

CEREBELLUM

BRAIN STEM
MID BRAIN PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA

DEVELOPMENTAL DEVISION OF BRAIN

TELENCEPHELON CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, AND BASAL GANGLIA DIENCEPHELON THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, EPITHALAMUS, SUBTHALAMUS MESENCEPHALON MID BRAIN

Nerves I Olfactory II Optic III Oculomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens VII Facial VIII Auditory IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal

Type sensory sensory motor* motor* mixed motor*

Function olfaction (smell) vision (Contain 38% of all the axons connecting to the brain.) eyelid and eyeball muscles eyeball muscles Sensory: facial and mouth sensation Motor: chewing eyeball movement

mixed

Sensory: taste Motor: facial muscles and salivary glands

hearing and balance Sensory: taste Motor: swallowing main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) swallowing; moving head and shoulder tongue muscles

sensory mixed mixed motor motor*

GLOSSARY
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) : A selectively permeable barrier between the circulating blood & the brain believe to be formed by astrocytes. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) : The clear watery fluid formed inside the ventricle & circulate in subarachanoid space of the brain & spinal cord.

 Hydrocephalus : abnormal amount of CSF within the ventricles of the brain. Neurotransmitter : A chemical substance released from nerve endings to transmit impulses across synapses.

Internal Capsule
White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu.

Basal Ganglia
Large subcortical nuclear masses (gray mater) derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. Which regulates the movements.

Reticular Formation
A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.

Thalamus
Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups.

Epithalamus
It includes pineal body, which is hanging from the roof of the third ventricle, responsible for controlling the circadian rhythm and forms hormone melatonin.

Hypothalamus
Its a collection of nuclei present in the floor & lateral wall of third ventricle. Is responsible for regulation of internal environment.

Brocas area
Motor area of speech. Present in frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus in its posterior part) Wernickes Area Sensory component of speech essential for comprehension. Present in the superior temporal gyrus.

Amygdala
Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. Is a sensor for fear & rage

Hippocampus
A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. The hippocampus, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation. Its function is memory storage.