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Boardworks Ltd 2003
Heat energy is measured in joules [J]. How many joules are there in a kilojoule [kJ]?
Temperature measurement
Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of something, not the total amount of energy contained. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (or centigrade) - C.
HOT to COLD.
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.
Boardworks Ltd 2003
What happens to the gas as the temperature increases. Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
Boardworks Ltd 2003
ALWAYS LET GO OF THE METAL QUICKLY WASH ALL BURNS WITH COLD WATER FOR 10 MINS
8cm strip of Cu
Hold the piece of Cu in the YELLOW Bunsen Burner flame. How long does it take you to feel the heat? Now do the same for wood. Why are the times very different?
Boardworks Ltd 2003
The free electrons can move around and vibrate. The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the metal. There are too few free electrons in a non-metal for this to happen.
Boardworks Ltd 2003
Which would feel warmer if we picked up a piece of wood and a piece copper metal both at room temperature (i.e. both at 250C)?
The wood feels warmer because it is a POOR conductor. So it would not conduct heat away from your hand as quickly as the copper.
The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free electrons. This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.
Boardworks Ltd 2003
100C
Material
Metals Non-metals Liquids Gases Vacuum
Conductor or Insulator ?
very good conductors Insulators Insulators Good insulators Excellent insulator
H E AT
1.
OR
2. Plot a line graph of your results. Put temperature on the y axis
This means that infra red waves act very much like light waves: They can travel through a vacuum They travel at 300,000,000 m/s They can be reflected They cant travel through opaque materials.
Boardworks Ltd 2003
Black
White
Silver
Red
Take it out of the water, start the stopwatch and read the temperature.
Take the temperature every 30 seconds and put the answers in the results table on the next page.
Boardworks Ltd 2003
Black Black
a)
OR
b) Draw a line graph of your results.
1.
How does a cup of tea lose heat by conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation?
Why does take-away food often come in aluminium containers?
2.
3.
Design an investigation to find out the best shape and colour of a cup to keep tea warm for longer.
Boardworks Ltd 2003
Energy losses
Name the three processes which cause energy to be lost from the home. Which spots on the house diagram lose energy? What can we do to prevent this energy loss?
Changes of state
At cold enough temperatures even things that are normally gases become solid. At higher temperatures solids change to become liquids or gases as long as they dont catch fire or decompose first.
Changes of state
Each change of state is given a different name. Gas
Boiling Condensing
Melting
Solid
Freezing
Liquid
If a solid is heated its temperature rises until it reaches its melting point.
At the melting point the temperature stops rising whilst the solid melts. This is because heat energy is going into separating the particles rather than raising the temperature. Once all the solid has melted the temperature starts to rise again until it reaches the boiling point.
At the boiling point the temperature again stays the same as energy goes into further separating the particles.
Changes of State
Boiling Condensing
Melting Freezing
Solid Liquid
Liquid Gas
Time
Boardworks Ltd 2003