THE CONCEPT OF CELL

Department of Medical Biology Dosen : dra. LUSIA HAYATI, MSc

What cell is it ?

Image: k12station.blogspot.com/2006_08_01_archive.html

Cell is a basic structural and functional of all living organism

Size of Living Things

1 m = 100 cm = 1,000mm = 1,000,000 m = 1,000,000,000nm 1mm = 1000 m = 1000000nm 1 m = 1000nm

Diagrams: http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm

1. The type of single cell organism, 2. The role of single cell on health and ill

THE TYPE OF SINGLE CELL ORGANISME

Kingdom Monera >Bacteria Prokaryotic cells Bacteria : Gram negative & Gram Positive Shapes of Bacteria : Coccus , Bacillus , Sprillium

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

Plasmids - Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.

Gram positive & Gram negative

they stain a dark purple color

these bacteria appear pink

Gram positive & Gram negative

Gram (+) cell wall is thicker (20-80 nm) composed of peptidoglycan Gr(-) envelope is thin (5-10 nm)

Respiration: CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP!

Bacteria have no mitochondrion glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle in cytosol the electron transport system coupled to oxidative phosphorylation using mesosomes (infoldings of the cell membrane)

The Role Of Bacteria On Health And Illness

The benefits human :

Breakdown of remains and recycle of N, C & P Symbiotic with other organism, supply vit K & B Manufacturing process, Easily cultured and used for research (in genetic engineering, antibiotics)

1.

2.
3. 4.

Bacteria also evolved relationships with each other

Saprobes: thrive on dead material Parasites: thrive to detriment of host Commensals: thrive at minimal effect upon host Mutualists: both bacterium and host benefit from each other

The Role Of Bacteria On Health And Illness

1. 2.

Fort de entry to human body

Air Water Food Wound Equipment Animals

3.
4. 5. 6.

1. The structure and function of cell, 2. The role of cell on health and ill

RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1855)

Where a cell exists, there must have been a preexisting cell, just as the animal arise only from an animal and the plant only from a plant

The 3 Structures Of Cells

1. Chemical :
a)
b)

inorganic (water, mineral) organic (protein, lipid, carbohydrate)

2. Physical :
a)

b)
c)

colloidal cellular, membrane permeability and osmosis

The 3 Structures Of Cells

3. Biological :
a) b) c) d) e)

cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear membrane

Typical Animal cell

Cell Structures

Cell membrane

delicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasm found in all cells

Nucleus

a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cells chromosomes(DNA) has pores: holes

Nucleolus

inside nucleus location of ribosome factory made or RNA

mitochondrion

makes the cells energy the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has

Ribosomes

build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm may be free-floating, or may be attached to ER made of RNA

Endoplasmic reticulum
may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates

Golgi Complex

takes in sacs of raw material from ER sends out sacs containing finished cell products

Lysosomes

sacs filled with digestive enzymes digest worn out cell parts digest food absorbed by cell

Centrioles

pair of bundled tubes organize cell division

Cytoskeleton

made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.

Structures found in plant cells

Cell wall

very strong made of cellulose protects cell from rupturing glued to other cells next door

Vacuole
huge water-filled sac keeps cell pressurized stores starch

Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll turn solar energy into food energy

How are plant and animal cells different?

How did organelles evolve?

many scientists theorize that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryote ancestors. in 1981, Lynn Margulis popularized the endosymbiont theory.

Endosymbiont theory:

a prokaryote ancestor eats a smaller prokaryote

the smaller prokaryote evolves a way to avoid being digested, and lives inside its new host cell kind of like a pet.

Endo = inside Symbiont = friend

 the small prokaryotes that can do photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts, and pay their host with glucose. The smaller prokaryotes that can do aerobic respiration evolve into mitochondria, and convert the glucose into energy the cell can use. Both the host and the symbiont benefit from the relationship

Structure cell membrane nucleus nucleolus ribosomes ER Golgi centrioles cell wall mitochondria cholorplasts One big vacuole cytoskeleton

Animal cells Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes no no yes

Plant cells yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes Yes

Eukaryote cells can be multicellular The whole cell can be specialized for

one job cells can work together as tissues Tissues can work together as organs

Advantages of each kind of cell architecture

Prokaryotes simple and easy to grow fast reproduction all the same

Eukaryotes can specialize multicellularity can build large bodies

All cellular life has the following characteristics in common

BASIC CHEMICALS: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, fats and vitamins. REGULATE the flow of nutrients and wastes that enter and leave the cell. REPRODUCE and are the result of reproduction.

All cellular life has the following characteristics in common

SUPPLY OF ENERGY. HIGHLY REGULATED by ELABORATE SENSING SYSTEMS (chemical "noses") that allow them to be aware of every reaction that is occurring within them and many of the environmental conditions around them; this information is continually PROCESSED to make metabolic decisions

The Function Of Cell

Produce : enzymes, hormones, new cells, metabolism, energy Transport Information Defense Cell therapy What else ?

THE ROLE OF CELL ON HEALTH AND ILL

Life span : stable cell, labile cell Cell death : necrosis, apoptosis, Aging Process Abnormal growth: Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Neoplasm, Anaplasia, Benign Tumor, Malignant cancer Cell division distribute a set identical chromosomes to daughter cell, DNA, Hereitary factor, Gene

THE ROLE OF CELL ON HEALTH AND ILL

Some cells have the ability to multiply by division Most of the diseases are due to malfunction of cells, to cell death or to cells wrong multiplication rate

KMA

CELL CYCLE = SIKLUS SEL

Cell Cycle Control

A molecular control mechanism rules cell cycle, The cell Cycle check point, The cell cycle clock, Internal and external factors support the cell cycle control, Over growth, de growth, uncontrolled growth.
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The factors influencing healthy life

Endogenic Factors
Cellular Tissue Anatomical Organ

Healthy Life,

Environment

Life-Style

Exogenic Factors
(modified from Boedhi-Darmojo,1994) KMA

PRE-ILL CONDITION

BAD LIFE STYLE

ENVIRONTMENT CHRONIC PROCESS

SYSTEMIC DISEASES SYMPTOMPS APPEAR

LONGTERM MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY

TREATMENT JUST FOR THE SYMPTOM NOT THE CAUSE

Causal model of risk factors for CVD

Morbidity and Mortality
(Stroke, MI)

Biological Risk Factors

(Hypertension, Blood Lipids, Homocysteine)

Genetic Risk Factors

(Family History)

Behavioral Risk Factors

(Cigarette, Diet, Exercise)

Environmental Factors
(Socioeconomic Status, Work Environment)

The Causes Of Diseases

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Infectious diseases, Congenital diseases, Degenerative diseases, Mental illness, Human Inflicted diseases, Deficiency diseases.
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The Organogram of Nutrigenomics

Nutrigenetics : How genetic variation influences responsiveness to nutrient intake Nutrigenomics : How nutrients influence gene expression

Systems

Transcriptomics : RNA Proteomics : Proteins Metabolomics : Metabolites

Biology

Nutritional phenotyping

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The main Book reference :

Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology 8th Edition, Mc Graw Hill Higher Education, Boston, 2004