FISIOLOGI REPRODUKSI

REPRODUCTION
The biological process by which new "offspring individual organisms are produced from their "parents Sexual reproduction: production of young ones by the formation and fusion of special cells called gametes, contributed generally by two parents , male & female

The female reproductive organs

Various stages of follicles in the human ovary

Oocytes
Female mammals and birds born with full set Stored in ovaries

Most degenerate early

400 ova released in female humans

Oogenesis

In males, each germinal cell produces four haploid cells each of which becomes a viable sperm cell

Ovarian Reserve

Siklus Estrus
1. Proestrus: One or several follicles of the ovary are starting to grow 2. Estrus: phase when the female is sexually receptive ovarian follicles are maturing

3. Metestrus : the corpus luteum starts to form 4. Diestrus : the corpus luteum produces progesterone

Anestrus refers to the phase when the sexual cycle rests

HORMONAL REGULATION

Pengaturan hormonal

Menstrual/uterine cycle

Siklus Menstruasi
1. Menstrual phase 2. Proliferative/preovulatory/follicular phase: the endometrium increases rapidly in thickness from the 5th to the 14th days of the menstrual cycle, the uterine glands are drawn out so that they lengthen but they do not become convoluted or secrete to any degree. 3. Secretory or luteal phase: Begins with ovulation, estrogen levels decline, the endometrium becomes more highly vascularized and slightly edematous under the influence of estrogen and progesterone, uterine glands become coiled and tortuous and they begin to secrete a clear fluid

Fertilization Occurs
IF SPERM GETS TO EGG... FERTILIZATION CAN TAKE PLACE, AND ULTIMATELY, EMBRYO CAN BECOME IMPLANTED IN UTERINE WALL

Developing placenta produces chorionic gonadatrophin (CG), which is similar to LH CG encourages growth of corpus luteum Estrogen and progesterone continue to secrete from CL Pituitary FSH & LH not secreted again until birth At birth: oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary gland induces contractions

Mammary Glands and Lactation

Progesterone and estrogen initiate growth of mammary tissues Synthesis of milk inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy After birth occurs the drop in progesterone levels allows lactation Prolactin also aids in milk production

 the period when the endocrine and gametogenic functions of the gonads have first developed to the point where reproduction is possible In girls:
1. Thelarce 2. Pubarche 3. Menarche

PUBERTY

Menopause
Menopause is the permanent cessation of reproductive fertility

POST-MENOPAUSAL LIFE

20

The male reproductive organs

Testes produce sperm & testosterone

Sperm production occurs in seminiferous tubules Spermatozoa are produced by spermatogonia spermatogenesis

Sertoli cells regulate sperm production & nourish developing sperm

Spermatogenesis

Human sperm
Head
Nucleus DNA Acrosome Enzymes

Midpiece
Mitochondria Energy

Tail
Flagellum Propeller

Pengaturan hormonal

Testosterone Action
Androgen - masculinizing agent
maintains male reproductive function
testis accessory reproductive organs secondary sex characteristics

Secondary Sex Characteristics

External - not directly related to reproduction hair distribution growth of larynx skin oil glands bone growth protein synthesis male pattern baldness sex drive aggressive behavior (?)

REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS
The animals are of three types on the basis of the sites of their fertilization and development:
1. External fertilization & development 2. Internal fertilization, external development 3. Internal fertilization & development

Ejakulasi: essential component of

natural conception (internal fertilization)
keluarnya semen dari penis yang biasanya terjadi setelah adanya stimulasi seksual yang mengakibatkan ereksi penis
tactile visual auditory Olfactory

Umumnya ejakulasi terdiri dari 3 tahap, yaitu:

1. stimulasi/perangsangan 2. Ejakulasi/orgasm 3. periode refractory

Peristiwa terjadinya ejakulasi pertama kali disebut spermarche 14 tahun

Reproductive Strategy
Reproductive strategies are structural, functional and behavioural adaptations that improve the chances of fertilization and/or increase the survival rate of offspring. 1. K selection (slow and few offspring) 2. R selection (quick and many offspring)

R-selection

K-selection

Other types of reproductive strategies

1. Semelparous : reproduce only once in their lifetime

2. Iteroparous: produce offspring in succesive

Infertility
Ten to 15% of couples are infertile
inability to conceive after at least 1 year

Infertility
Male Factors
low sperm concentration low motility poor morphology ductal obstruction poor DNA integrity

Female Factors
ovulation tubal or pelvic cervical or uterine immunologic nutritional & metabolic

1/5 have >1 cause 15% have unknown cause

Materials Affecting Sperm

Material Product Effect Alcohol Liquor, beer Morph Cadmium Cigarettes Count Tobacco Cigarettes Count/Morph Heat Weather, sauna Count 2,4-D Farming Motility/Morph

Compensable Sperm Defects

Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART)
treatments that bring about conception without intercourse
increase the number of eggs and sperm bring gametes into close proximity

In vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Gametes cultured outside the body to fertilize and develop prior to transferring to the uterus

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Injection of a single sperm into the egg
bypasses sites of natural selection

Sekian