IP Addressing and Subnetting

High Performance Switching and Routing

Telecom Center Workshop: Sept 4, 1997.

Topic

IP Addressing Subnetting

IP Addresses
32 bits
version (4 bits) header length Type of Service/TOS (8 bits) flags (3 bits) Total Length (in bytes) (16 bits) Fragment Offset (13 bits) Header Checksum (16 bits) Identification (16 bits) TTL Time-to-Live (8 bits) Protocol (8 bits)

Source IP address (32 bits) Destination IP address (32 bits)

Ethernet Header

IP Header

TCP Header

Application data

Ethernet Trailer

Ethernet frame
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IP Addresses
32 bits
0x4 0x5 9d08 12810 0x06 128.143.137.144 128.143.71.21 0x00 0102 4410 00000000000002 8bff

Ethernet Header

IP Header

TCP Header

Application data

Ethernet Trailer

Ethernet frame
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Hosts, Networks, and Routers

Host 7

Host 1
Network A

Host 2 Host 1 Router Network B

Network C

Unique IP Address = Network Number + Host Number Host 12 Host 2

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The Most Common Routing Protocols

BGP RIP
Cisco proprietary

TCP

UDP

OSPF IS-IS EIGRP (and ICMP)

IP

Routing protocols exchange network reachability information between routers.

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Classful Addresses
Class A

0nnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh

10nnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh 110nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn hhhhhhhh

Class B

Class C

n = network address bit

h = host identifier bit

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The Classful Address Space

Class A B C Networks Hosts 127 Share of IP address space 16,777,214 1/2 1/4 1/8

16,384 65,534 2,097,152 254

Leads to very inefficient allocation of addresses

Subnets

The idea is to share the same IP network number among multiple subnets Subnets of a network should reside in the same general locale (e.g., college campus, corporate location, ) Routers on an IP network know their local subnets Remote routers need to know only the network address
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Subnetting

Problem: Organizations have multiple networks which are independently managed

University Network
Engineering School Library Medical School

Solution 1: Allocate a separate network address for each network

Difficult to manage From the outside of the organization, each network must be addressable.

Solution 2: Add another level of hierarchy to the IP addressing structure

Subnetting
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Address assignment with subnetting

Each part of the organization is allocated a range of IP addresses (subnets or subnetworks) Addresses in each subnet can be administered locally
128.143.0.0/16

University Network
128.143.71.0/24 128.143.136.0/24

Engineering School

Medical School

128.143.56.0/24

Library
128.143.121.0/24

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Basic Idea of Subnetting

Split the host number portion of an IP address into a subnet number and a (smaller) host number. Result is a 3-layer hierarchy network prefix host number

network prefix

subnet number

host number

Then:

extended network prefix

Subnets can be freely assigned within the organization Internally, subnets are treated as separate networks Subnet structure is not visible outside the organization
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Subnetmask

Routers and hosts use an extended network prefix (subnetmask) to identify the start of the host numbers
128.143
network prefix

137.144
host number

128.143
network prefix extended network prefix

137
subnet number

144
host number

1111111111111111 1111111100000000 subnetmask

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Advantages of Subnetting

With subnetting, IP addresses use a 3-layer hierarchy:

Network Subnet Host

Reduces router complexity. Since external routers do not know about subnetting, the complexity of routing tables at external routers is reduced.
Note: Length of the subnet mask need not be identical at all subnetworks.
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No Subnetting

All hosts think that the other hosts are on the same network
128.143.137.32/16
subnetmask: 255.255.0.0

128.143.137.144/16 subnetmask: 255.255.0.0

128.143.71.21/16 subnetmask: 255.255.0.0

128.143.71.201/16
subnetmask: 255.255.0.0

128.143.70.0/16

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With Subnetting

Hosts with same extended network prefix belong to the same network
128.143.137.32/24 128.143.137.144/24
subnetmask: 255.255.255.0

128.143.71.21/24
subnetmask: 255.255.255.0

128.143.71.201/24
subnetmask: 255.255.255.0

subnetmask: 255.255.255.0

128.143.137.0/24 Subnet 128.143.0.0/16

128.143.71.0/24 Subnet

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With Subnetting

Different subnetmasks lead to different views of the size of the scope of the network
128.143.137.32/26 128.143.137.144/26 128.143.71.21/24
subnetmask: 255.255.255.0

128.143.71.201/16
subnetmask: 255.255.0.0

subnetmask: 255.255.255.192 subnetmask: 255.255.255.192

128.143.137.0/26 Subnet

128.143.137.128/26 Subnet

128.143.71.0/24 Subnet

128.143.0.0/16

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Optimizing the Allocation of IP Addresses

After Subnetting Before After Supernetting: Supernetting:
220.78.168.0 220.78.168.64 220.78.168.128 220.78.168.192

220.78.168.0
220.78.169.0 220.78.170.0
220.78.169.0

220.78.168.0 220.78.169.0 220.78.170.0 220.78.168.0 220.78.171.0 220.78.172.0 220.78.173.0 220.78.174.0 220.78.175.0

Routing Routing Table Table for for Router Router BB 220.78.168.0 255.255.255.0 220.78.168.1 Routing Table for Router B
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1 220.78.168.1

220.78.171.0 220.78.168.0 220.78.169.64

220.78.169.128
220.78.169.192

220.78.172.0
220.78.173.0 220.78.174.0 220.78.170.0 220.78.175.0 220.78.170.64

Router Router A Route A rA

Router B Router B Router B

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END.

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