OFDM(A) Competence Development part II

Per Hjalmar Lehne, Frode Bhagen, Telenor R&I

R&I seminar, 23 January 2008, Fornebu, Norway Per-hjalmar.lehne@telenor.com Frode.bohagen@telenor.com

Outline
Part I: What is OFDM? Part II: Introducing multiple access: OFDMA, SC-FDMA

Part III: Wireless standards based on OFDMA

Part IV: Radio planning of OFDMA

OFDM Competence Development 23 Jan 2008 2

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDM can be used as a multiple access scheme allowing simultaneous frequency-separated transmissions to/from multiple mobile terminals

The number of sub-carriers can be scaled to fit the bandwidth Scalable OFDMA

Contiguous Distributed (localized) (diversity) mapping mapping

OFDM Competence Development 23 Jan 2008 3

Subcarrier allocation techniques (I)

Contiguous or blockwise mapping
Adjacent sub-carriers

Frequency selective fading can erase a full block For satisfactory performance it must be combined with dynamic scheduling or frequency hopping Examples:
E-UTRA Mobile WiMAX Band AMC

OFDM Competence Development 23 Jan 2008 4

Subcarrier allocation techniques (II)

Distributed or diversity mapping
Carriers allocated to one user are spread across the total OFDM bandwidth

Permutation changes from time-slot to time-slot Examples:

Mobile WiMAX UL/DL PUSC, DL FUSC

Robust against frequency selective fading

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Channel dependent scheduling

Exploits timefrequency selective fading The scheduled user is always allocated the best time-frequency block Channel varies differently for different users

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Synchronisation aspects
Impairments in time- and frequency synchronization reduces performance: ISI and ICI Downlink
Time- and frequency synchronization

Uplink
Control is distributed between terminals Frequency synchronization
Impact on orthogonality between SCs belonging to different users

Timing synchronization
Impact on inter-symbol interference (ISI)

Different received power at the base station

Base station receiver dynamic range exceeded. Power control necessary

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DFT-spread OFDMA
Linear precoding of OFDMA symbols N < NC subcarriers are allocated to one user
An N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is applied New output symbols (Xk) are linear combinations of all N input symbols (xn)

Xk

x
n 0

N 1

2 kn N

Conventional OFDMA has a PAPR problem in the time domain. Linear precoding with DFT moves the PAPR to the frequency domain

N
N-point DFT SC mapping

NC
NC-point IDFT +CP, D/A+RF NC-point DFT RF+A/D, -CP

NC
N-point IDFT SC de-mapping

Channel

DFT-spread OFDMA
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Single-Carrier (SC) FDMA

Special case of DFT-spread OFDMA with contiguous subcarrier mapping Used in Evolved UTRA uplink Resulting spectrum becomes continuous Single-Carrier
All N input symbols are spread over all N subcarriers

All N subcarriers are modulated with a weighted sum of all N input symbols
The DFT/IDFT pair in the transmitter cancel each other out retaining the time domain symbols with a shorter symbol (chip) rate

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Benefit of the SC-FDMA signal

Reduces PAPR with 2-3 dB
N = 64, M = 256, QPSK N = 64, M = 256, 16-QAM

~2 dB

Source: Myung et al. Peak-to-average power ratio of single carrier

FDMA signals with pulse shaping. PIMRC 2006

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Drawbacks of the SC-FDMA signal

Performance loss in fading channels due to destroyed orthogonality Out-of-band emission problem due to higher PAPR in the frequency domain
16 QAM 1/2, Red: OFDMA, Blue:IFDMA, FFT size:1024, M=128
10 SC-FDMA OFDMA Inst. PSD (4 symbols), N=1024, M=128

10

-10

IFDMA
-20

PER

10

-1

3 dB loss OFDMA

-30

-40

-50

10

-2

10

12 14 16 18 av. SNR per subcarrier(dB)

20

22

24

-60 -2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0 subcarrier

500

1000

1500

2000

Source: Alamouti. Mobile WiMAX: Vision & Evolution.

Intel presentation. 2007

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Summary - OFDMA
OFDM can be used a multiple access scheme allowing simultaneous frequency separated transmissions to and from multiple mobile terminals Subcarriers can be allocated blockwise or distributed Channel dependent scheduling can be used to dynamically allocate frequency/time blocks to different users Terminals must be sufficiently time and frequency synchronised to avoid multiple access interference on the uplink DFT spread OFDMA is beneficial in reducing the PAPR problem employed by 3GPP E-UTRA on the uplink

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