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Further Defined
Concrete exists in three
states
Plastic Curing Hardened
Mix Design
Combination of materials to provide the most
economical mixture to meet the performance characteristics suitable for the application
Water-to-Cement Ratio
The ratio of water-to-cement, or w/c, is the single
most important parameter with regards to concrete quality
It also makes the concrete more difficult to work In combination, the w/c and degree of hydration
control many of the properties of the hardened concrete
Can contribute 28% of paste porosity Little impact on strength and permeability Can influence shrinkage and creep
On the order of 10 to 50 nm, although larger for higher w/c (3 to 5 mm) Larger voids affect strength and permeability, whereas smaller voids impact shrinkage
w/c = 0.5
C-S-H Framework
Neville
C-S-H Framework
The interfacial zone is 10 to 50 mm in thickness Generally weaker than either the paste or aggregate due to
locally high w/c and the wall effect (packing problems) in some cases predominately large crystals of calcium hydroxide and ettringite are oriented perpendicular to aggregate surface
Entrained Air
Provides the path for
water to migrate from larger voids to smaller voids Water in smallest capillary/gel pores wont freeze For adequate protection
6-8% air by volume Entrained air spacing factor = 0.2mm
Air-Void System
ASTM C 231 and C 173
Curing Concrete
Extremely important
Concrete will not achieve its potential strength unless it is properly cured Concrete will crack if not properly cured
Curing
Concrete must not dry out, especially at a
young age
Preferably water is applied after the concrete has set
Durability
Concrete is inherently durable, having a
history of exceptional long-term performance In some instances, the structures service life has been adversely affected by the concretes inability to maintain its integrity in the environment in which it was placed These distress manifestations are categorized as materials-related distress (MRD)
Chemical Mechanisms
Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity Alkali-Silica and Alkali-Carbonate Reactivity Sulfate Attack External and Internal Sulfate Attack Corrosion of Embedded Steel
Important Considerations
The concrete constituents, proportions,
and construction all influence MRD Water is needed for deleterious expansion to occur Severe environments (e.g. freezing and thawing, deicer applications, high sulfate soils, etc.) make it worse Strength does not equal durability
Summary
Concrete is an immensely complex material that
will perform to its potential only if treated properly during the entire construction phase
Mix design and proportioning Transporting Placing and consolidating Finishing and curing
ASTM C 143-00 Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete