Unit Unit 4 4 Fun, Oh Boy. Fun.

You Could Die from it

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Information

Watch the video clip and answer the following questions. 1. What is wrong with Mable?

She just got braces.

2. Whats the name of the game?

The peanut-butter game. 3. Do you think it is fun to play that game? Where is fun in your opinion?
Yes. Fun is around us and in our daily life.

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Information

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Information

From Funny People George: All right, yeah. Ira: You okay, man? George: Yeah, yeah, Im good. I hope they got some food. Laura: Im so glad you guys came, hello, hi. George: Good to see you.-wow. Ira: Hi, hows it going? Oh! Thank you. George: Jeez, beautiful house! Laura: Thank you. George: How long have you guys been here? Laura: Weve been here about five years now. Ingrid: Whats up? Laura: This is my friend, George. And this is Ira. This is Ingrid. Ira: Wow! George didnt mention you had a daughter.

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Information

George: Have you seen any of my movies? Ingrid: I saw the movie where you had a baby body. George: So, you saw re-do. Can you do the face? Hey, thats a good impression. Mable: Dont leave me in the playroom! Laura: This is my daughter, Mable. She just got braces. George: Oh, yeah, let me see them. You mind if I eat a little bit of that sandwich right there? Ira? Ira: Im Im full. Ingrid: Do you guys want to play the peanut-butter game? Laura: Its fun. You want to play? George: Lets do it! Laura: Ira? Ira: Yeah, I like peanut butter, yeah.

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Information

Laura: Lets do the peanut-butter game! George: All right! Hooray! Peanut-butter game! Peanutbutter game! Laura: Okay, just put a little bit. Mable: Ok. Ira: Whats she doing? Laura: A little bit. Okay, okay. I think thats good. George: This is what you guys do in your free time? Okay. Ingrid: There he is! Ira: Oh, boy. Come on. He got her. He got her. Oh, so, youre supposed to do it on the ears. Laura: Georges turn! Yeah! Georges turn! George: No. I dont want to do that. No, Ira will go, let Ira go.

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Information

Ira: No, no, George. Ingrid: Come on. Okay, all right! George: I just washed my hair this morning. George! George! George: Oh! God. No! Thats not the game.

Audiovisual Supplement

Cultural Background

1. Fun can be defined as a pleasurable experience, enjoyable occupation or an activity that involves amusement or pleasure. 2. But what do we view as fun? The answer may depend on our age, because what's pleasant and fun for a child is not necessarily entertaining and fun for a teenager or an adult. 3. What people consider fun often changes with age and maturity.

Text Analysis

Structural Analysis

In this text, the author challenges the modern idea that fun is there for the asking and that fun overshadows everything. The author argues, instead, that fun is hard to have and that fun is a rare jewel.

Text Analysis

Structural Analysis

Paragraphs 1-5

Main idea Part 1 introduces the thesis of the essay: Fun is hard to have. Fun is a rare jewel. Part 2 points out a prevalent misconception, and consequences thereof, that everything is supposed to be fun. Part 3 is the concluding part of the essay where the author suggests that we ought to treat fun reverently.

6-11

12-15

Detailed Reading

Fun, Oh Boy. Fun. You Could Die from it Suzanne Britt Jordan 1 Fun is hard to have. 2 Fun is a rare jewel. 3 Somewhere along the line people got the modern idea that fun was there for the asking, that people deserved fun, that if we didnt have a little fun every day we would turn into (sakes alive!) puritans. 4 Was it fun? became the question that overshadowed all other questions: good questions like: Was it moral? Was it kind? Was it honest? Was it beneficial? Was it generous? Was it necessary? And (my favorite) was it selfless?

Detailed Reading

5 When the pleasures got to be the main thing, the fun fetish was sure to follow. Everything was supposed to be fun. If it wasnt fun, then by Jove, we were going to make it fun, or else. 6 Think of all the things that got the reputation of being fun. Family outings were supposed to be fun. Sex was supposed to be fun. Education was supposed to be fun. Work was supposed to be fun. Walt Disney was supposed to be fun. Church was supposed to be fun. Staying fit was supposed to be fun. 7 Just to make sure that everybody knew how much fun we were having, we put happy faces on flunking test papers, dirty bumpers, sticky refrigerator doors, bathroom mirrors.

Detailed Reading

8 If a kid, looking at his very happy parents traipsing through that very happy Disney World, said, This aint fun, ma, his mas heart sank. She wondered where she had gone wrong. Everybody told her what fun family outings to Disney World would be. Golly gee, what was the matter? 9 Fun got to be such a big thing that everybody started to look for more and more thrilling ways to supply it. One way was to step up the level of danger or licentiousness or alcohol or drug consumption so that you could be sure that, no matter what, you would manage to have a little fun.

Detailed Reading

10 Television commercials brought a lot of fun and funloving folks into the picture. Everything that people in those commercials did looked like fun: taking Polaroid snapshots, swilling beer, buying insurance, mopping the floor, bowling, taking aspirin. We all wished, Im sure, that we could have half as much fun as those rough-andready guys around the locker room, flicking each other with towels and pouring champagne. The more commercials people watched, the more they wondered when the fun would start in their own lives. It was pretty depressing.

Detailed Reading

11 Big occasions were supposed to be fun. Christmas, Thanksgiving and Easter were obviously supposed to be fun. Your wedding day was supposed to be fun. Your wedding night was supposed to be a whole lot of fun. Your honeymoon was supposed to be the epitome of fundom. And so we ended up going through every Big Event we ever celebrated, waiting for the fun to start. 12 It occurred to me, while I was sitting around waiting for the fun to start, that not much is, and that I should tell you just in case youre worried about your fun capacity.

Detailed Reading

13 I dont mean to put a damper on things. I just mean we ought to treat fun reverently. It is a mystery. It cannot be caught like a virus. It cannot be trapped like an animal. The god of mirth is paying us back for all those years of thinking fun was everywhere by refusing to come to our party. I dont want to blaspheme fun anymore. When fun comes in on little dancing feet, you probably wont be expecting it. In fact, I bet it comes when youre doing your duty, your job, or your work. It may even come on a Tuesday.

Detailed Reading

14 I remember one day, long ago, on which I had an especially good time. Pam Davis and I walked to the College Village drug store one Saturday morning to buy some candy. We were about 12 years old (fun ages). She got her Bit-O-Honey. I got my malted milk balls, chocolate stars, Chunkys, and a small bag of M & Ms. We started back to her house. I was going to spend the night. We had the whole day to look forward to. We had plenty of candy. It was a long way to Pams house but every time we got weary Pam would put her hand over her eyes, scan the horizon like a sailor and say, Oughta reach home by nightfall, at which point the two of us would laugh until we thought we couldnt stand it another minute.

Detailed Reading

Then after we got calm, shed say it again. You should have been there. It was the kind of day and friendship and occasion that made me deeply regretful that I had to grow up. 15 It was fun.

Detailed Reading

1. What is the thesis statement of the essay? (paragraph 12)

Fun is hard to have. Fun is a rare jewel.

2. In Paragraph 4, a series of questions has been raised. Whats the effect of it? (paragraph 4) Here, by making a startling statement (the question Was it fun? overshadowed all other questions) and raising a series of questions, Jordan points out that fun has become the major concern of people. It has outweighed many other questions.

Detailed Reading

What are some of the things that do not provide fun according to Jordan ? (Paragraph 7) Failing in a test, dirty bumpers, sticky refrigerator doors are some of the things that are not sources of fun.

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What relationship does the use of drugs and alcohol have to our difficulties in having fun today? (Paragraph 9) Today as people live under unprecedented stress, they can hardly relax and the monotonous routine work is not in the least exciting for them. Only when they indulge themselves in drugs and alcohol can they forget the worries of the day and have a little fun.

Detailed Reading

What is the relationship between big occasions and the experience of fun? (Paragraph 11) With high expectations for fun, people are not contented with the joy that big occasions such as holidays, weddings or birthdays bring them. To make up for the inadequacy of fun and joy, they are still expecting the next big occasion which might bring them excitement.

Detailed Reading

1. How does Jordan develop Paragraph 13? (Paragraph 13) To develop the idea, the author uses definition: it is a mystery, and comparison and contrast. Some figurative techniques are employed to further define what fun is, which include personification: When fun comes in on little dancing feet, you probably wont be expecting it. and simile: It cannot be caught like a virus. It cannot be trapped like an animal.

Detailed Reading

2. What does It may even come on a Tuesday mean? (Paragraph 13) Tuesday is a workday, the day following the blue Monday. It is commonly regarded as an ordinary day when everyone is supposed to be doing the routine work. As a rule, no holidays, no big occasions would take place on this day. But if we treat fun properly, we can have fun even on such an ordinary day.

Detailed Reading

Why does Jordan use an anecdote to conclude her essay? (Paragraph 14) Here Jordan suggests that it is easier for children to have fun than it is for grown-ups.

Detailed Reading

Class Activity Group discussion: An imaginary event is presented in Paragraph 8 and a real one in Paragraph 14. Whats the function of the narration of these two events? Tip: In the imaginary event, the elaborate preparation of the parents was wasted and the child failed to have the expected fun, whereas in the real event, the simple childish behavior gave the children satisfaction and joy. With a comparison of these events, the author suggests that what is supposed to be fun may not enable one to have a good time. The simple joy of life is the real fun people are seeking.

Detailed Reading

overshadow v. make sb. or sth. less successful, important, or impressive by comparison with others; dominate e.g. Ben overshadows all his colleagues with his extraordinary insight and quick wit.
She is overshadowed by her younger and more attractive sister.

Detailed Reading

flunk v. fail, esp. (in) a course or an exam

e.g. The boy was upset because he flunked (in) an English exam.
flunk out expel or be expelled from a school or course because of work that does not meet the required standards

e.g. We didnt flunk out, but our records werent so good.

Detailed Reading

traipse v. walk wearily

e.g. She spent the day traipsing from one shop to another.

Detailed Reading

epitome n. an ideal; a typical representation

e.g. His father is the epitome of goodness.

epitomize v. be an epitome of sth. e.g. He epitomizes the loving father. She epitomizes all the good qualities of her family.

Detailed Reading

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1. In his eye, the cat is the epitome of laziness.

2.
This handbook is a neat epitome of everyday hygiene. 3. The bank manager epitomizes all the good qualities of his family.

Detailed Reading

damper n. (inf.) sth. that stops an occasion from being as enjoyable as it was intended to be e.g. The bad news put / cast / threw a damper on the party.
Will the snow put a bit of a damper on your hike plans?

Detailed Reading

blaspheme v. show contempt or disrespect for (God, a divine being, or sacred things) e.g. The bank manager began to rage and blaspheme (against) God.
The spiritual leader charged that the film blasphemed Islam.

Detailed Reading

malted milk a soluble powder made of dried milk, malted barley, and wheat flour

Detailed Reading

chunky a. 1. (of candy, etc.) containing small, thick pieces e.g. chunky peanut butter; chunky soup 2. (of a man) short and strong; stocky e.g. A chunky man usually has a wide upper body and looks strong.

Detailed Reading

scan v. 1. examine sth. carefully, with the eyes or with a machine, in order to obtain information e.g. She anxiously scanned the faces of the young men leaving the train in the hope of finding her son. 2. To scan a text can also mean look through it quickly in order to find a piece of information that one wants or get a general idea of what the text contains.

e.g. Now, scan the newspaper article quickly and make a note of the main points.

Detailed Reading

Somewhere along the line people got the modern idea that fun was there for the asking, that people deserved fun, that if we didnt have a little fun every day we would turn into (sakes alive!) puritans. (Paragraph 3) Paraphrase: Nowadays, people would believe that they can have fun whenever they ask for it, and they should have fun; otherwise they would be leading a dull and bitter life as a puritan.

Detailed Reading

The god of mirth is paying us back for all those years of thinking fun was everywhere by refusing to come to our party. (Paragraph 13) Paraphrase: We have long assumed that fun was easy to have, but now we are paying a price for that shallow-mindedness, i.e., our party is hardly as much fun as we has expected it to be.

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Word Derivation Phrase Practice Synonym / Antonym

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1) insure v. insurance n. insured n.&a.

e.g. An insurance company will insure your life. People without insurance had to pay for their own repairs. The insured are required to pay a portion of all medical bills.

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2) deserve v. undeserved a. deserving a.

e.g. The article deserves careful study. His reputation as a Romeo is quite undeserved.

be deserving of sympathy

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3) generous a. generosity n. generously adv.

e.g. A wise ruler is generous in victory. His generosity manifests itself in times of need.

Please give generously.

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4) benefit n. / v. beneficial a.
e.g.

The new regulations will be of great benefit to us all.

These facilities have benefited the whole town.

Fresh air is beneficial to ones health.

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5) regret n. / v. regrettable a.
e.g. I heard of his death with great regret. I regret that I cannot help.

Her rudeness was highly regrettable.

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6) mirth n. mirthful a. mirthless a.

e.g. Christmas is a time of mirth, especially for children. Her funny costume caused much mirthful laughter among the guests. a mirthless laugh

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7) blaspheme v. blasphemy n. blasphemous a.

e.g. He always swears and blasphemes when hes drunk. Murder and blasphemy are mortal sins.

The people in the room were shocked by his blasphemous language.

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8) revere v. reverence n. reverent a.

e.g. The professor was revered for his immense learning. He removed his hat as a sign of reverence.

reverent attitudes, gestures, etc.

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Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text. 1. In your mad pursuit to destroy evil, you may __________ turn into evil yourself.

occurred to 2. It never ______________

me that he was a double agent. in

up ________ 3. If you go on driving so rashly, you will end hospital.

up ________ 4. They tried every means to step

production.

5. Moby-Dick tells the story of how Ahab, the captain of a ____ the white whale back _____ whaling ship, is determined to pay for it has crippled one of his legs.

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turn into: (cause sb./sth. to) pass from one condition or state to another
e.g. Water turns into ice when it freezes.

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occur to: come into (a person's mind)

e.g. It never occurred to her to ask anyone.

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end up: reach or come to a certain place, state or action, esp. by a lengthy route or process
e.g. If you continue to steal, youll end up in prison.

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step up: increase sth.; improve sth.

e.g. step up the campaign for nuclear disarmament

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pay back: punish sb. or get one's revenge

e.g. Ill pay him back for the trick he played on me.

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1. Family outings were supposed to be fun. Synonyms: excursion, jaunt

2. Just to make sure that everybody knew how much fun we were having, we put happy faces on flunking test papers, dirty bumpers, sticky refrigerator doors, bathroom mirrors.
Synonym: failing

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3. I just mean we ought to treat fun reverently. Antonyms: irreverently, disrespectfully, contemptuously

4. Television commercials brought a lot of fun and funloving folks into the picture.
Synonym: advertisements

5. Your honeymoon was supposed to be the epitome of fundom. Synonym: example

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6. The god of mirth is paying us back for all those years of thinking fun was everywhere by refusing to come to our party.

Antonyms: grief, sadness, melancholy

7. I dont want to blaspheme fun anymore.

Synonyms: profane, revile 8. It was a long way to Pams house but every time we got weary Pam would put her hand over her eyes, scan the horizon like a sailor and say
Synonyms: examine, scrutinize

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Adverbial Clauses of Cause and Effect

Tense

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Adverbial Clauses of Cause and Effect This type of clause explains the reasons for what happens in the main clauses. Conjunctions, like because, as, since, now (that), are often used in the adverbial clauses of cause.
Because is used when the reason is the most import part of the sentence. Therefore, the because-clause usually comes at the end. As and since are used when the reason is already wellknown, or is less important than the rest of the sentence. They can also mean in view of the fact that. As- and Since- clauses often begin the sentence.

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Now that has a meaning very close to as and since. We use so that to say that a result happens because something has a quality to a particular extent. So is used before adverbs or adjectives.

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Practice Choose the best answer. c 1. Because he was tired, he scored poorly on the exam, ___ into the university. a. this will cause him to not be admitted b. this is a fact which will cause him to not be admitted c. which will cause him to not be admitted d. which will cause him to not admit 2. ___ d the TOEFL with a score of 550, he will be admitted into the university. a. Now that he passes b. That he has passed c. Now, he has passed d. Now that he has passed

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b have to go to work. 3. Since July 4th is a holiday, ___ a. so we do not b. we do not c. as a result, we do not d. thus, we do not 4. You yourself had to go back to Saudi Arabia ___ b to take care of some business in his own company. a. and he needed b. because he needed c. which he needed d. because he need

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5. ___ c have to work today, we should go to Laguna Beach. a. For we do not b. We do not c. Since we do not d. Since we do no c a bit ill. 6. Fabiana will not go to work today ___ a. , she is b. because she c. because she is d. which is she is

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d , the temperature should begin dropping. 7. ___ a. Now that the sun setting b. Now that the sun set c. The sun setting d. Now that the sun has set 8. ___ c is important since most professional jobs require writing skills. a. Learn how to write b. Learning how write c. Learning how to write d. Learning how to write it is

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9. ___ a , the research paper is beneficial to students since it requires them to critically think, read, and write about a specific body of knowledge in which they have an interest. a. A requirement at most universities b. It is a requirement at most universities c. A requirement at most universities it is d. Requirement at most universities

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Tense Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time and indicates when the situation takes place. In languages which have tense, it is usually indicated by a verb or modal verb, often combined with categories such as aspect, mood, and voice. Tense places temporal references along a conceptual timeline. This differs from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. Typical tenses are present, past, and future.

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Practice Complete the following letter with the appropriate forms of the verbs given. Dear Peter, Do you by any chance know where Bob is? I __________ should / have just heard ____________ would like (like) to find out because I __________________ would exactly suit exactly (suit) Just (hear) of a job that ____________________ him, but if he _______________ doesnt apply (not apply) fairly soon, of wont get (not get) it. course he ___________ saw (see) him about a month ago, when he I last ____ __________________________________ had just left / was just leaving just (leave) his job with the film company. He _____ said (say) he ___________ was going (go) to France for a holiday and ___________ promised (promise) to send me a

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postcard with his French address as soon as he _____________ (had) found (find) a place to stay. But I _____________ have heard (hear) nothing know (not know) even whether he since then and dont _____________ went ______ (go) to France or not. If you ______ know (know) his address, I _______________________ should be / would be (be) very grateful if you ______________ would phone (phone) me. I have tried (try) to phone you several times but your phone ___________ _______________ doesnt seem (not seem) to be working. Yours, Jack

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Translate the following sentences into English. 1. (overshadow)

If you are overshadowed by a person or thing, you are less successful, important, or impressive than they are.
It goes without saying that Shakespeare overshadows all the other playwrights throughout the ages.

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Practice Large oak trees overshadow the garden. His recent death overshadowed the family gathering.

Despite her professional success, she was always overshadowed by her husband.

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2. The Great Gatsby (epitome)

If you say that a person or thing is the epitome of something, you are emphasizing that they are the best possible example of a particular type of person or thing.
The Great Gatsby is commonly deemed as the epitome of the Jazz Age of the last century in America.

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Practice Shes the epitome of kindness.

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3. (put a damper on) put a damper on: cause (an event, atmosphere, etc.) to be less cheerful, excited, etc.

It is advisable for you not to put a damper on his enthusiasm to further his studies at Harvard.

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Practice Their argument put a bit of a damper on the party.

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4. (make a fetish of) make a fetish of: give more respect or attention than is normal or sensible

Young people tend to make a fetish of glamorous stars in sports and entertainment circles.

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Practice He makes a fetish of his new car.

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5. (traipse) If you traipse somewhere, you go there slowly or unwillingly, often because you are tired or unhappy. They traipsed all the way to the downtown area to watch the National Day fireworks display.

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We spent the afternoon traipsing from one shop to another.

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6. (trap)

A trap is a trick that is intended to catch or deceive someone.

He said that reputation is a trap into which many people are ready to fall.

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Practice You fell right into my trap.

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Dictation Cloze

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Dictation

You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down.

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Dictation
The first of April / is commonly known as April Fools Day / and its a custom on this day / to play a trick on a friend. / You do this / by causing your friend to believe something / that isnt true. / If your friend falls into the trap, / then he or she is an April fool. / This strange custom has been observed / by both children and adults for centuries. / Its origin is uncertain / and may once have been cruel. / But today the tricks and practical jokes are harmless/ and played mostly for fun. / Usually April jokes are played on friends and colleagues/ but sometimes they are played on a wider scale. / One serious national newspaper / reported on a new machine/ to transport passengers from London to Australia in ten minutes. /

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Another published a four-page survey / of a nonexistent island in the Pacific. / And even on BBC television news/ there was an item / which showed a kind of an Italian noodle / being harvested from trees.

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Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. Over the years, (1) as ___ working hours have shrunk, people found that they had more free time on their (2) _______ hands to spend on leisurely activities. Sitting home with a book could only (3) ____ go so far, and thus an entire industry sprung (4) ____ up to make money on those who wanted something to do. This is the leisure industry, which actually spans numerous types of (5) ___________ industries . Leisure industry resources returned limited (6) ____ or no results. Leisure industry resources have been expanded to (7) _________ include entertainment industry, restaurant industry, lodging industry, sports industry and gambling industry resources.

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Essentially, the leisure industry, which continues to grow, works (8) ____ on helping people spend their money. This is not necessarily a negative. Numerous jobs are (9) provided by leisure industry businesses. Leisure ___________ industry businesses can also be highly enjoyable places to visit, especially when they (10) _____ aim at making patrons feel important and welcome. They can offer entertainment, excitement, nourishment or pampering, but they do come at a price.

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Here needs a conjunction; otherwise, the two simple sentences would be incomplete.

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A noun is expected in this prepositional phrase. And in terms of meaning, this phrase means under control.

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After modal verb the basic form of a verb is needed here.

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Spring often collocates with up and this phrase means something suddenly appears.

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Based on context and grammar, a noun is needed.

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Limited results and no results are two different results which needs a conjunction to link them.

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After the infinitive marker to, the basic form of a verb is naturally expected. In terms of meaning, entertainment industry, restaurant industry, lodging industry, sports industry and gambling industry resources are parts of leisure industry resources.

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Between works and helping, a preposition is needed. In terms of meaning, it means trying very hard to achieve or improve something.

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The sentence is in passive voice, and here a verb of past participle is needed.

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This sentence lacks a predicate which means plan or hope to achieve something.

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Giving a Talk

Having a Discussion

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Topic: The Biggest Fun in My Life Words and expressions for reference:

relieve stress, blow off stress, great fun, its fun to , for fun, just for the fun of it, sb. is fun, a fun day / evening, make fun of

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Topic: Must everything you do be fun? Viewpoints for reference:

If you have an optimistic attitude and look at everything from the positive side, you can have fun in everything.

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Essay Writing: How to Write the Conclusion

The conclusion is written in one paragraph and its main purpose is to sum up the arguments of the essay, which the author revealed in the topic sentences of the body paragraphs.
It summarizes the evidence in support of the thesis statement of the essay and restates this statement. The conclusion should match the introduction in terms of the ideas presented and the arguments put forward. Sometimes in the process of writing, you may deviate somewhat from what you have argued and so it will be necessary to go back and reword the introduction.

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Finally, the conclusion is not the place in your essay to introduce new information or new ideas: these, if any, should be included in the body of your essay.

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It is vital to remember:

Any conclusion should never repeat the assertions presented in the essay word for word.
A good conclusion should be short but very clear. This is the last part of the essay and it makes the final impression on the reader.

A good conclusion is always creative and logically sound.

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Sample
Before 1860, only a tiny minority of the population believed that Italy could ever become a unified nation under one Italian ruler. Yet, despite this belief and the many obstacles blocking the path to unification such as differences and suspicion between the many regions of the peninsula, the lack of planning and common goals, the divergent views and politics amongst the men who fought for unity, the Piedmont region emerged ... as the nucleus around which the rest of Italy could gather (Mack Smith, 1959: 17). On March 17, 1861, the Kingdom of Italy

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Analysis of the Sample This sample of essay conclusion is one of a longer essay on the question: Italy on the eve of 1860 has often been described as an unlikely nation. Why? The first sentence is a reference to the essay question, or topic. The second sentence goes to the thesis point after an overview of arguments explaining the obstacles to Italys unification. And the third or the last sentence is a concluding remark and also a reference to the essay question. The conclusion is clear and most remarkably logical in that it refers to the introduction and the essay topic unequivocably. It makes the essay an organic and powerful body.

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Practice On the basis of the passage below, write a concluding paragraph.

Why a Dog? North American pets are the most pampered in the world. The dog is the most popular of all pets. People own dogs for three main reasons: companionship, security, and friendship. Dogs are good companions for people. For example, older people often keep a small dog when children have moved away. They will talk to the dog and the dog will always listen. When the older person comes home, the dog wags its tail and is glad to see them. Dogs are great companions.

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Dogs are not only good companions, but they also provide security. Often, a dog will smell someone near a house and begin to bark. It is especially important when a person is away at work or shopping. If someone comes in, the dog will surely bite him. Security is an important reason for people to own a dog. Security may be important, but meeting people is a significant result of dog ownership. While walking, dogs love to sniff each other and make acquaintance. While they do, the owners can strike up a conversation, too. Dog parks provide owners with a place to have conversation while the dogs play together. If you are lonely in the city, perhaps a dog can help you with meeting new friends.

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A Sample Conclusion Companionship, security and friendship are three main reasons for people to own a dog. Be sure to think carefully, however, before you make the big step of owning one because dogs may live as long as 16 years.

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Lead-in Questions What is the essence of happiness? Can thrills bring us happiness?
Happiness is not rooted in thrills, which are merely amusements. Happiness chiefly derives from affection for people and interest in various objects in the external world. It is the simple joy in life rather than the thrilling experience that provides us with happiness, which is deep and lasting.

And those who are truly happy do not depend on thrills for their happiness, for thrills can only help to get rid of the feeling of boredom.

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The Age of Thrills

Robert Lynd

1 This is, above all other ages, the age of thrills. The Romans, no doubt, had their Colosseum, but I doubt if even the Romans expected to be thrilled so continuously as we do nowadays. They had not cinemas running all day long in all parts of the city, or publishing houses pouring out Tarzans and Sheiks by the hundred thousand.

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They know nothing of those excitements of speed which you can get nowadays from a race on a motor-omnibus. They did not possess a single aero-plane, and so were never able to sit with their hearts in their mouths watching stunts in the air. They seem to have had very little choice between reading Virgil and Caesar and other authors of famous schoolbooks, and going to see the gladiators. No schoolboy, however humane, will be surprised to learn that most of them preferred to go and see the gladiators.

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2 I doubt, however, if we are any happier as a result of the multiplication of thrills in our daily lives. Few of our happiest memories are memories of sensations. Everybody who saw the first Zeppelin brought down over London in flames seemed very happy the next day: they had had the experience of having seen something unique, and for the moment they were able to flatter themselves on their superiority to those of their fellow-creatures who had missed the sensational spectacle. But who now feels happier in his memory for having enjoyed the horror and the triumph of that thrill?

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I saw only two Zepplins brought down in flames, but to remember them gives me no happiness that I would not gladly part with for a Jubilee sixpence. I prefer infinitely to remember lying on my back on a grassgrown railway bridge on an Easter Monday, in the sun more than ten years before and eating two sorts of sandwiches wrapped in a newspaper. I do not remember the flavor of the sandwiches, but I remember the cousin who was with me and the sunshine and the grass and the feeling that I couldn't have been happier if I had been in Heaven. Looking backward, we are happier because we have liked somebody or something than because we have participated in the thrill of some great public event.

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3 Thrills, indeed, are merely an amusement, and their effect vanishes as quickly as the effect of a game of cards. Those who enjoy life most enjoy thrills least. Or it might be nearer the truth to say that they are least dependent on thrills for their happiness. The autobiography of the happiest man would not be record of sensational experiences. Charles Lambs tenderest essay was called Old China, not Murderers I Have Met. Think yourself back into happiness and it is ten to one you will find yourself in a sunny garden and not at some exciting public show.

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The first time you heard a willow-wrens song and saw it lifting it beak to sing in the shadow of the sycamore leaves seems an infinitely more wonderful thing to look back on than a riot in the streets with bayonets drawn and policemen charging and broken-skulled civilians borne off to the hospital. 4 Nor are the best books the most thrilling books. Guy Boothby was a more thrilling author than Jane Austen, yet who troubles even to remember any of Guy Boothbys novels today? Great literature has its exaltations, but a thrill is merely a superficial excitement of the nerves, and moves the imagination or the affections about as little or as much as a strong cup of coffee.

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5 I confess to an occasional nay, frequent craving for coffee and to an occasional nay, frequent craving for thrills, but, as for happiness, I should prefer to grow broad beans and lettuces in a walled garden and to sit in a deck-chair in my shirtsleeves, watching their brief lives till they were ready for the table.

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About the author: Robert Wilson Lynd (1879-1949) was an Irish writer, an urbane literary essayist and strong Irish nationalist. He is remembered today for numerous essays of elegance and fluency.

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Colosseum (Paragraph 1): The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire.

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Tarzans and Sheiks (Paragraph 1): Tarzan is a fictional character, an archetypal feral child raised in the African jungle by apes, who later returns to civilization only to largely reject it and return to the wild as a heroic adventurer. Created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan first appeared in the novel Tarzan of the Apes (magazine publication 1912, book publication 1914), and then in twenty-three sequels and innumerable works in other media. Sheik, head of Arabian tribe, or African jungle tribe or village, is another character in the story of Tarzan. And Tarzans and Sheiks, in their plural forms, refer to adventure stories in publication in general.

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Virgil (Paragraph 1): Virgil, or Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BC-September 21, 19 BC), was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works the Bucolics, the Georgics and the Aeneid although several minor poems are also attributed to him. The son of a farmer, Virgil came to be regarded as one of Rome's greatest poets and his Aeneid as Rome's national epic.

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Caesar (Paragraph 1): Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BC-44BC), was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

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Zeppelin (Paragraph 2): A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century, based on designs he had outlined in 1874, and detailed in 1893. Due to the outstanding success of the Zeppelin design, the term zeppelin in casual use came to refer to all rigid airships. After the outbreak of World War I, the German military made extensive use of Zeppelins as bombers and scouts.

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Charles Lambs tenderest essay was called Old China (Paragraph 3): Charles Lamb (1775-1834) was an English/Welsh essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the childrens book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced with his sister, Mary Lamb (17641847). Lamb has been called the most lovable figure in English literature, and his influence on the English essay form surely cannot be overestimated. Old China is an essay included in the Essays of Elia.

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Guy Boothby (Paragraph 4): Guy Newell Boothby (18671905) was an Australian novelist and writer. Some of Boothbys earlier works relate to stories of Australian life, but later he turned to genre fiction. He was once well known for his series of five novels about Doctor Nikola, an occultist anti-hero seeking immortality and world domination.

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Jane Austen (Paragraph 4): Jane Austen (1775-1817) was one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature. She is best known for novels Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1815).

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1. What, according to the author, is the most distinctive feature of our age? Our age, according to the author, is the age of thrills. It generates many more thrills than any of the previous ages did and people in our age expect to be thrilled as continuously as people in no other ages did. We have cinemas running all day long, publishing houses pouring out thousands upon thousands of thrillers every day and various devices of excitements of speed. We are by no means short of a diversity and variety of thrills.

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2. What is the difference of great books and thrilling books? Great books bring us exaltations while thrilling books only excite our nerves superficially; great books inspire imagination and affection while thrilling books can hardly do so. Great books can help us to gain an insight into the reality, into the essence of life, into the nature of human beings and into the truth of the universe while thrilling books can help us escape from reality and worries in life for some time.

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3. Should we deny ourselves entirely the excitement of thrills? We, as human beings, can enjoy thrills occasionally, for various forms of thrills can serve as a kind of spice in life, but what is important is that we should learn to derive our pleasures from simple things in life so as to feel truly happy. In addition, if we learn how to bear a certain degree of boredom, we may enjoy life more intensely.

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To love what you do and feel that it matters how could anything be more fun? Katharine Graham

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A great obstacle to happiness is to anticipate too great a happiness. Fontenelle

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A Debate Divide the students into two groups, with two opposite opinions on the topic of the text. Their stands can be People have to rely on thrilling things to have fun in life, and People can have fun in their daily routines instead of relying on outside stimulations..
Viewpoints: Have fun in your command. Dont always run at a breakneck pace. Take leave when youve earned it and spend time with your families.

You gotta have fun. Regardless of how you look at it, were playing a game. Its a business, its our job, but I dont think you can do well unless youre having fun.

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Creative ideas flourish best in a shop which preserves some spirit of fun. Nobody is in business for fun, but that does not mean there cannot be fun in business. If a man insisted always on being serious, and never allowed himself a bit of fun and relaxation, he would go mad or become unstable without knowing it.

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Katharine Meyer Graham (June 16, 1917-July 17, 2001) was an American publisher. She led her familys newspaper, The Washington Post, for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period, the Watergate coverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Her memoir, Personal History, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998.

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Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (11 February 1657-9 January 1757), also called Bernard le Bouyer de Fontenelle, was a French author.

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