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Accuracy: difference from the actual measurement and the meter reading, accuracy is stated in following terms: Repeatability :meters ability to reproduce same measurement for a set of constant conditions of flow rate, temperature, viscosity, density, pressure. Repeatability of a custody transfer meter should be within +/-.025% in 3 runs or +/- 0.05% of each other in 5 consecutive prove runs. Linearity :ability to maintain a meter factor through-out the stated turndown. Depending on meter size and application this is typically +/-0.15% or +/-0.25% for custody transfer use.
Resolution. is a measure of the smallest increment of total flow that can be individually recognized by the meter. Turndown. Turndown is the meters flow range capability. The flow range of the meter is the ratio of maximum flow to minimum flow over which the specified accuracy or linearity is maintained. a meter with a minimum flow rate of 100 bbl/hr and a maximum flow of 1,000 bbl/hr is said to have a 10:1 turndown.
SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS
FLOW RATE PRESSURE TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY ACCURACY
MEASURING ELEMENT
low pressure drop low mechanical friction non jamming rotation high driving torque
High maintenance cost High pressure drop Not suitable for low flow rates Clean fluid with no solids
TURBINE METERS
Principle: Angular velocity of rotor is proportional to linear velocity of liquid DESIGN CONSIDERATIOS: Housing Measuring Element : Rotor with multiple blades on a spindle mounted on a free running bearing assembly FLOW OUTPUT: Voltage pulse
Accuracy based on two assumptions: (1) the flow area remains constant and; (2) the rotor velocity accurately represents the stream velocity K factor (pulses / unit volume), Erosion, Corrosion, Deposits, Boundary Layer Thickness, Cavitation , Obstructions Rotor velocity Rotor Blade Angle, Rotor Stability ,Bearing Friction, Velocity Profile,Swirl, Fluid Density
OSCILLATION
TWIST
Meter Proving. Meter proving is the physical testing of the performance of a liquid meter in a liquid service. The main purpose of the test is to assure accuracy. Meter factor = prover known volume meter reading
While proving a meter, the process-fluid conditions must be as stable, includes temperature, pressure, flow rate, and density. Before starting a meter proving, let the liquid flow through the meter and prover long enough so that the conditions stabilize. Check for leaks or fluid bypassing around the prover or meter. The only way to obtain a reliable meter factor is to have all the liquid that is measured by the meter also measured by the prover.
LACT Units. LACT units are designed for unattended custody transfer of crude oil from a seller to a buyer. Flow rate, operating pressure, gravity, and temperature of the oil determine the LACT design. Minimum pressure drop through the piping and components is desirable.
TURBINE METER
CORIOLIS METER
ORIFICE METER
Principle: differential pressure proportional to squire of flow rate Standards: AGA 3 ISO 5167
BASIC EQUATION: qh =C (hw pf )1/2 where: qh - quantity rate of flow at base conditions, cfh C - orifice flow constant, hw differential pressure in inches of water at 600F, pf absolute static pressure, psia
C =(Fb)(Fr)(Y)(Fpb)(Ftb)(Ftf)(Fg)(Fpv)(Fm)(Fl)(F) Where: (Fb) basic orifice factor, cfh(Fr) Reynolds number factor (Y) expansion factor (Fpb) pressure base factor (Ftb) temperature base factor (Ftf) flowing temperature factor (Fg) specific gravity factor(Fpv) supercompressibility factor(Fm) manometer factor for mercury meter(Fl)gauge location factor,(F) orifice thermal expansion factor
ULTRASONIC METERS
Principle: Difference in transit time of high frequency sound waves travelling between a pair of fixed sound transducers with the flow and against the flow determines the flow