Part B1: Basics

B1.2 Reservoirs
B1.2 Reservoirs
Topics
Why store?
Raise head, smooth flow, conflicts and trade offs
Determination of reservoir volume/height
Mass curve approach, simulation approach
Dam design
Forces on a dam, Types of dam, Seepage, Spillways
Technical problems with dams
Silting, failure
Social impact of dams
Seminars (Monday W6)
B1.2 Reservoirs
Seminars: Monday 17/1, 16:00
Go to www.dams.org
World commission on dams report overview (skim this
its pretty long and dull concentrate on the
findings)
Responses to the report
Contrast donors (such as the ADB) with utilities (such as
the Indian Ministry of water resources) and dam-oriented
organisations (such as ICOLD or the ICE)
Case studies (2)
On the web (not necessarily on dams.org)
Find an example of a bad dam project
Find an example of a good dam project
We will be discussing
Who benefits and who loses when a dam is built?
Who makes the decisions?
What makes a dam good or bad?
B1.2 Reservoirs
Seminar groups
Group 1 (16:00) Group 2 (16:30)

Gunjan Dhingra
Mike Farrow
Hannah Jones
Matt Knight
Paul Knowles
Peter Adams
Elizabeth Aldridge
Jonathan Bailey
Khesraw Bashir
Christopher Baxter
Richard Buckland
Dafydd Caffery
Samuel Carter
Nedim Dzananovic
Philip Hallgarth
Neil Harding
Martin Hill
Karen Hockey
Ching Hong
Adam Ithier
Peter Jordan
Jan Jozefowski
Rob Morford
Chris Swinburn
Kate Taylor
Celia Way
Marie Wells
Matt Whitley
Eral Kahveci
Imra Karimn
Martin Kendrick
Shua Lii
Beth Mcdowall
Adil Munir
Roger Palmer
Anthony Pearson
Gareth Pilmoor
Ann Ruthven
Matthew Scott
Ben Sheterline
Melanie Sim
Nicholas Thompson
Daniel Tkotsch
Christopher Tompkins
Ian Yeung
B1.2.1 Reservoirs
Why store
Raise head
Hydro power
Allow greater flow to irrigation
Smooth flow
Reliable Hydro power
Off season irrigation
Flood control
Domestic Water supply
Other reasons
Fishing
Leisure
B1.2.1 Reservoirs
Why store: Conflicts
Maximising head vs. Maximising
storage
If the storage is used, the head is reduced
Water use vs. flood control
Water use prefers a full reservoir (for use
later)
Flood control the reservoir should be empty
(so floodwater can fill it)
B1.2.1 Reservoirs
Why store: The anatomy of a reservoir
B1.2.2 Reservoirs
How much to store
3 2
( ) ( ) h f V f A = =
B1.2.2 Reservoirs
How much to store
n in out
Q Q Q =
in stream precipitation
Q Q Q = +
......
out used spill evaporation leakage seapage
Q Q Q Q Q Q = + + + + +
precipitation
Q AP ~
B1.2.2 Reservoirs
How much to store: Mass curve
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Forces on a dam
2
2
h
F

=
2
h
F W t = +
W
is the specific weight of water
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Types of dam
Type Materials Typical cross
section
Plan view
Gravity Concrete, rubble
masonry
Arch Concrete
Buttress Concrete,
ferrocement, timber,
steel
Embankment Earth, rock
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Flow nets
Lines of constant potential, and constant flow
Perpendicular
Should form a series of squares
Note boundary conditions
ES254 Geotechnics Lectures 8&9
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Typical flow nets
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Typical flow nets:
Earth dams
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Zoned earth
dams: piping
Toe drain
Blanket drain
Chimney and blanket
drain
Impermeable core and
blanket
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Earth dams
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Earth dams:
Zoned
Filters
Core
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Zoned earth dams
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Zoned earth dams
Ramganga project
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Seepage: Zoned earth dams
Kishan rockfill dam
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Types
Side channel
Chute
Shaft
Syphon
Ogee
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Side channel
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Chute spillways
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Shaft spillways
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Ogee spillways
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Ogee spillways
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump
H
d
h
1
h
2
2
2
2
v
g
2
1
2
v
g
h

h
L
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump
V = Stream velocity (m s
-1
)
R = Hydraulic radius
S = Slope
n = Manning roughness
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump
Manning's equation



2 3 1 2
R S
V
n
=
p = pressure (Pa)
= Density (kg m
-3
)
g = Gravity (m s
-2
)
v = velocity (m s
-1
)
z = elevation (m)


B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump
Bernoulli's equation



2
constant
2
p v
z
g g
+ + =
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump:
Sums: Critical depth
E
h
2
2
v
E h
g
= +
crit
h
min
E
Tranquil
Rapid
E = Specific
Energy
(m)
h = head (m)
g = Gravity
(m s
-2
)
v = velocity
(m s
-1
)
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump:
Sums: Head loss
( )
2
2
2
2
L d
v
h H h h
g
| |
= + +
|
\ .
H
d
h
1
h
2
2
2
2
v
g
2
1
2
v
g
h

h
L
H
d
h
1
h
2
2
2
2
v
g
2
1
2
v
g
h

h
L
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump:
Sums: Height of the jump
1 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 4
h h v h
h
g
| |
= + +
|
\ .
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Hydraulic jump:
Location of the hydraulic jump
B1.2.3 Reservoirs
Dam design: Spillways: Encouraging a
jump
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Silting
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Silting
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure
modes
Overtopping inadequate spillways (1/3)
Foundation failure (1/3)
Excess seepage through foundation
Piping insufficient drainage/grading
Wave action
Erosion of downstream face
Slump
Bank stability
Seismic activity
Degradation lack of maintenance
Material supplies sub specification
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure: St
Francis breach



B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure: St
Francis breach



B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure:
Piping - Hellhole dam
Dec 22 3:00 pm Dec 23 7:00 am
Dec 23 9:30 am Dec 23 3:30 pm
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure:
San Luis Dam Slide
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure:
Fatehgarh dam earthquake damage
B1.2.4 Reservoirs
Technical problems with dams: Failure:
Vaiont dam bank slip
B1.2.5 Reservoirs
Social impact of dams
Climate change
Fertility of downstream banks
Displacement
Changes in local economy
Deforestation
Possibility of financial collapse
Possibility of failure
See; World commission on dams
www.dams.org
B1.2 Reservoirs
Summary
Storage needs may conflict
Mass balance and the mass curve are useful ways
to size reservoirs
Seepage is an issue with earth dams but can be
dealt with by zoning
There are several varieties of spillway, including
side channel, chute, shaft, syphon, and ogee
Hydraulic jump is a useful technique to reduce
spillwater levels
Dams can fail by silting, overtopping, foundation
failure wave action, erosion and lack of
maintenance
Dams can have social and environmental impacts
B1.3 Next..Water conveyance