ISCA-RSC 2013

Influence of Bio-Organic Inputs on Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

GLOBAL STATUS OF ORGANIC FARMING

Practiced in more than 160 countries. Approx. 0.9% of total agricultural land. 0.7 million number of organic farms Approx. 37.2 million ha area under organic farming : 23 million ha under grassland/grazing areas and additional 41.9 million ha under wild collection/forest . Organic area : Rice (2.5 million ha) Permanent crops (2.4 million ha) Green fodder (1.8 million ha) Vegetables (0.22 million ha). Seven countries have more than 10% of total agricultural land under organic. Oceania (12.2 million ha) Europe (9.3 million ha) Latin America (8.6 million ha). US $ 54.9 billion international sale of organic products in 2009.

1.8 million organic producers in the world : Asia (40%) Africa (28%) Latin America (16%) Others (16%).

NATIONAL STATUS OF ORGANIC FARMING

Certified organic area : 0.04 million ha in 2003-04 to 4.43 million ha in 2010-11.
Certified
Under certification Wild area

: 0.60 million ha
: 0.18 million ha : 3.65 million ha

Approx. 45000 certified organic farms.

Annual growth of 50% by 2010 in organic sector. Production of 3.88 million tonnes of certified organic products in 2010-11. Cotton leads the organic production (0.12 million MT) in 2011-12 Production of organic spices and condiments : 0.13 million MT in 2010-11 Export of 86 organic items of 69.84 thousand tonne worth $ 157.22 million in 2010-11. Exported to Europe, USA, Australia, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, South Africa & Middle East.

Cotton, Basmati rice, Pulses, Honey, Tea, Spices, Coffee, Oil Seeds, Fruits, Processed food, Cereals, Herbal medicines and there value added products.
Oilseed products (except sesame) leads among the organic products exported (17.97 thousand MT in 2010-11).

RATIONALE
Turmeric - The ancient and sacred spices of India India enjoys monopoly in the production of turmeric (966.81 thousand MT from 193.26 thousand ha in 2012-13) Bioactive properties of turmeric importance in urban horticulture to fight against degenerative diseases Increasing demand for organic turmeric among the health conscious urban consumers : whole, powdered or value added forms Ecological or natural dye Major spice crop of Manipur (19.07 thousand MT from 1.63 thousand ha in 2012-13) Grown by the hill farmers without any chemical inputs Approx. 1.22 thousand ha certified organic area in 2010-11 Low productivity (11.7 t/ha) and quality due to lack of nutritional management Huge demand for organic turmeric grown in global market Scanty information on organic nutrient management for turmeric in the context of NEH region

METHODOLOGY
Experimental site : Langol Hill Research Farm ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre 24o49 N Latitude, 93o55 E Longitude, 800 m above MSL 2 growing seasons (April, 2011 to January, 2013) Terraced land at foothill, Rainfed Subtropical Loamy, pH 5.8 13 3 RBD Megha Turmeric 30-35 g 25 cm X 25 cm at 3-4 cm depth April January SPSS (Version 18.0)

Duration Farming condition Climate Soil No. of treatments No. of replications Experimental design Turmeric variety

: : : : : : : :

Weight of seed rhizome : Planting distance Time of planting Time of harvesting Statistical analysis : : : :

TREATMENT DETAILS
T1 T2 : : Compost + Azospirillum Compost + AM
Dosage Compost Vermicompost Phosphocompost Mustard cake NPK fertilizers Azospirillum AM Nutrient Content
Inputs N P2O5 K2O

: 20 t/ha : 5 t/ha : 10 t/ha : 3 t/ha : 150 : 60 : 150 kg/ha : 5 g/kg of rhizome : 65 kg/ha

T3
T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13

:
: : : : : : : : : :

Compost + Azospirillum + AM
Vermicompost + Azospirillum Vermicompost + AM Vermicompost + Azospirillum + AM Phosphocompost + Azospirillum Phosphocompost + AM Phosphocompost +Azospirillum + AM Mustard cake + Azospirillum Mustard cake + AM Mustard cake + Azospirillum + AM RDF (Inorganic)

Compost
Vermicompost Phosphocompost Mustard cake

0.75
3.00 1.36 5.20

0.20
1.00 1.80 3.00

0.50
1.50 1.20 0.65

Pre-planting rhizome treatment with Azospirillum and Trichoderma @ 5 g each/kg of rhizome + 1 tbsp Acacia gum (as sticker material)

Application of wood ash (1.5 t/ha) to all treatments except control (inorganic)

RESULTS
VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS
Treatments Compost + Azospirillum Compost + AM Compost + Azospirillum + AM Vermicompost + Azospirillum Vermicompost + AM Vermicompost + Azospirillum + AM Phosphocompost + Azospirillum Phosphocompost + AM Phosphocompost + Azospirillum + AM Mustard cake + Azospirillum Mustard cake + AM Mustard cake + Azospirillum + AM RDF (Inorganic) S Em () CDP=0.05 Plant height (cm) 120 DAP 180 DAP 95.72 97.87 101.21 95.72 99.18 113.27 94.38 95.44 95.90 93.77 89.10 98.29 120.68 2.150 6.083 141.95 145.49 154.18 140.28 142.16 157.89 128.69 131.99 138.57 129.79 140.15 148.39 151.43 2.092 5.919 No. of tillers/clump 120 DAP 180 DAP 2.19 2.20 2.39 2.24 2.23 2.44 1.68 1.99 2.15 2.06 2.00 2.15 2.60 0.053 0.152 3.54 3.46 3.64 3.75 3.52 3.98 3.11 3.23 4.12 3.17 3.28 3.65 3.36 0.038 0.109 No. of leaves/plant 120 DAP 180 DAP 13.77 13.46 15.82 13.94 14.49 15.62 14.03 13.66 14.88 13.84 12.69 13.69 15.12 0.912 NS 19.65 20.24 22.56 18.28 19.35 21.75 19.66 19.32 19.72 17.45 18.26 19.32 20.36 0.437 1.236

DAP : Days after planting; NS : Non-significant

YIELD ATTRIBUTES
330.00 270.00 210.00 150.00 90.00 30.00 C + Azos C + AM C + Azos + AM VC + Azos VC + AM 137.45 g VC + Azos + AM 173.24 g

326.15 g

PC + Azos

PC + AM

PC + Azos + AM

MC + Azos

CD0.05 = 11.020

MC + AM

CD0.05 = 3.255

MC + Azos + AM

Weight of Secondary Fingers (g)

Weight of Primary Fingers (g)

RDF

CD0.05 = 2.759

Weight of Clump (g)

Yield attributes continues

Treatments

Clump Primary Fingers Secondary Fingers Length Breadth Length Breadth Length Breadth Number Number (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 16.72 16.58 18.06 17.28 17.53 18.24 15.31 15.84 16.59 14.86 15.64 16.32 17.93 0.355 1.006 12.32 12.58 13.24 11.58 11.53 13.06 11.75 10.90 12.52 11.16 10.80 12.28 12.84 0.320 0.910 5.46 5.99 7.59 6.73 5.96 7.33 5.34 5.75 6.88 5.65 5.48 5.94 5.79 0.222 0.685 6.86 7.24 7.68 6.52 7.27 7.45 6.82 6.53 7.16 6.63 6.84 6.45 6.94 0.189 0.536 1.92 2.01 2.14 1.96 2.16 2.23 1.62 1.73 2.12 1.85 2.13 1.95 2.04 0.152 NS 8.96 8.45 13.46 10.82 11.25 12.38 9.25 8.75 9.47 7.35 8.26 12.10 13.85 0.113 0.324 4.83 4.16 5.17 4.72 4.84 5.02 4.92 5.06 4.65 4.72 4.85 5.12 5.28 0.269 NS 1.83 1.45 2.02 1.53 1.65 2.05 1.72 1.69 1.55 1.75 1.66 1.84 2.08 0.341 NS

Compost + Azospirillum Compost + AM Compost + Azospirillum + AM Vermicompost + Azospirillum Vermicompost + AM Vermicompost + Azospirillum + AM Phosphocompost + Azospirillum Phosphocompost + AM Phosphocompost + Azospirillum + AM Mustard cake + Azospirillum Mustard cake + AM Mustard cake + Azospirillum + AM RDF (Inorganic) S Em () CDP=0.05

NS : Non-significant

MC + Azos

17.10

MC + AM

20.00

C + AM

20.12

C + Azos

22.06

PC + AM

22.66

Vermicompost + Azospirillum + AM

MC + Azos + AM

23.28

CD0.05 = 3.028
VC + Azos

23.59

PC + Azos

24.01

RDF

24.11

PC + Azos + AM

24.56

VC + AM

24.75

Compost + Azospirillum + AM

C + Azos + AM

26.93

VC + Azos + AM

28.94

6.71

C + Azos + AM

6.46

VC + Azos + AM

6.19

RDF

6.17

C + Azos

6.13

Compost + Azospirillum + AM
C + AM 6.08 VC + Azos 6.02

CD0.05 = 0.131

MC + Azos + AM

5.95

MC + Azos

5.95

MC + AM

5.85

PC + Azos + AM

5.75

Phosphocompost + AM

VC + AM

5.69

PC + Azos

5.54

PC + AM

C + Azos RDF 10.72 C + AM 10.58 MC + Azos + AM 10.07 10.29 C + Azos + AM 10.83

MC + AM

10.18 CD0.05 = 0.155

10.56

VC + Azos

10.33
MC + Azos 10.25 9.81 10.05

10.38 VC + AM

PC + Azos + AM PC + AM PC + Azos

11.10 VC + Azos + AM

CONCLUSION
Bio-organic inputs : Better growth, yield and quality of turmeric than RDF
Combined application of Azospirillum and AM : More effective than sole application

Rhizome treatment with Azospirillum and Trichoderma and soil application of Vermicompost + AM may be recommended for improving the productivity and quality of turmeric.
Growing turmeric with bio-organic inputs would be helpful to restore the liveliness of the green environment and to improve the quality of life.

THANK YOU
ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Manipur Centre, Imphal
O : +91-385-2410893 M : +91-9436891040 F : +91-385-2414260/749 E : subhrasaikat@gmail.com