Transport

1. Factor that effected the

EXCHANGE of substances 2. The HUMAN circulatory system

Factor that effected the EXCHANGE of substances

1. The surface area = large 2. The volume = small

3. The total surface area per volume ratio

(TSA/V) = high 4. The distance of exchange = near 5. A high concentration gradient is maintained
2

Unicellular Organism
1. The surface area = large

2. The volume = small

3. TSA/V = large

No problem in obtaining the cellular requirements via diffusion Nutrients & oxygen diffuse in Carbon dioxide & waste products diffuse out
3

Paramecium sp.
Active transport O2

Na+

Simple diffusion
CO2
4

Multicellular Organism
1. The surface area = small 2. The volume = large 3. TSA/V = small

Need to obtain & deliver the cellular requirements to internal cell = big size Simple diffusion is too slow for respiratory gases & nutrients to be transported throughout the body = TSA/A small
5

The HUMAN circulatory system

Subclavian veins

Capillaries

Hepar portal vein

Hepar portal vein

10

The HUMAN circulatory system

1. The blood (connective tissue) Plasma Cellular component 2. The heart Muscular pump 3. The blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins
11

The blood
Plasma = 55% of blood Cellular components = 45% of blood

12

Plasma
Plasma is a complex substance;
Water 90% plasma proteins; albumin, fibrinogen, globulin inorganic constituents such as sodium, potassium, calcium chloride, carbonate, and bicarbonate; sugar; hormones; enzymes; fats; amino acids; waste products as urea and creatinine Respiratory gases
13

Cellular Components
Erythrocyte Leucocyte Platelets

14

Erythrocytes The biconcave shape of the erythrocyte is an adaptation for maximizing the surface area across which oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Its shape and flexible plasma membrane allow the erythrocyte to penetrate the smallest of blood capillaries.
15

Erythrocyte
Has no nucleus Size of 7.5um in diameter Contain haemoglobin oxygen carrying protein pigment red in colour Contain Fe ion 120 days lifespan; destroyed in liver & spleen Manufactured in bone marrow
16

Leucocyte
Granulocytes (NEB)
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Agranulocytes (LM)
Lymphocyte Monocyte
17

Granulocyte

Engulf & digest

Allergic reaction

Heparin; prevent agglutination

18

Agranulocytes

Produced antibodies

Engulf & digest

19

Platelets

Fragments of the large cells from the bone marrow Size 2-3 um in diameter Has no nucleus Play important role in blood clotting
20

Blood vessels

21

Artery

Blood capillary
Capillaries

Vein

Charact. Artries

Veins

Wall

Thick, muscular, elastic

One cell Thin, less thick, no muscular, muscle or less elastic elastic tissue
22

Charact. Artries Wall Thick, muscular, elastic Small

Capillaries One cell thick, no muscle or elastic tissue Very small

Veins Thin, less muscular, less elastic Large

Lumen

Valve
Blood pres.

No valve
High

No valve
Very low

Has valve
Low

Blood content

O2 Ex: p.artery
23

24