DATA COLLECTION THROUGH QUANTITATIVE METHOD

Gulrukh Bangash Javed Khan Wisal Ahmad

Nida Wajid
Sitwat Ali

GROUP MEMBERS

Mudassir Khan Maaz Muhammad Qasim Ilyas Khan Momina Naseer Sadia Malik
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OBJECTIVES

Quantitative Research with example

Data Collection Methods For Quantitative Research

Surveys and its types

Questionnaires Interviews
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Quantitative Research

Quantitative research consists of those studies in which the data concerned can be analyzed in terms of numbers. It is concerned with the collection and analysis of data in numeric form. It gives answer to the questions like: o How much o How many o How often

1. The number of people hour.

born in 1

Examples

2. An example of quantitative data: A man is stocking a lemonade stand. He has 40 lemons. They are 5 inches tall. This is quantitative data, using numbers to describe an object whilst QUALITATIVE data is when you OBSERVE, such as: The lemons are yellow and bumpy. They are also sour

1. The number of people hour.

born in 1

672 students 394 girls, 278 boys 68% on honour roll

2. An example of quantitative data: A man is stocking a lemonade stand. He has 40 lemons. They are 5 inches tall. This is quantitative data, using numbers to describe an object whilst QUALITATIVE data is when you OBSERVE, such as: The lemons are yellow and bumpy. They are also sour

Comparison Between Qualitative And Quantitative Data

Data Collection Methods Through Quantitative Techniques

Surveys

Interviews

Questionnaires

Structured

Unstructured

Open ended Questionnaire

Close ended Questionnaire

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Surveys

Surveys are the primary method of quantitative research. In this a large number of people are interviewed, each being asked a standard set of questions, posed in the same way each time

EXAMPLE

Every day a news bulletin or a news paper reports the results of a new survey that indicate, for example, that a certain percentage of the population thinks or behaves in a particular way

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Types of Surveys
1. Mail Survey:

Mail surveys are paper and pencil instruments that are mailed to respondents.
Best for the collection of sensitive information as they provide anonymity for the respondent. They are self-administered by the recipient, which means there is little control over the feedback. Most convenient for respondents.

Less expensive.

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2. In Person Survey: A survey that involves a faceto-face encounter with the respondent.

Difficult to conduct
Less cooperation Expensive

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3. Computer/ Online Survey:

Administered by computer and the Internet. Can also include visual aids or images as part of these surveys.

They are the least expensive format and have the quickest speed of data collection and reporting
The most convenient type of computer/online survey is the (Disk by Mail DBM) survey.

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4. Telephone Survey: Conducted systems. by trained interviewers or by automated

Relatively quick data collection. New automated random dialing randomness of the sample. systems increase the

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5. Hybrid Method: Combination of methods and some additional technologies ,to help get better, faster, and more responses.

The most common ones are Telephone MailTelephone (TMT), in which researcher recruit, screen, instruct respondents by phone and then send them a survey. They can either mail the questionnaire back or call an interviewer.

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Table Form

Type of survey in person telephone mall intercept mail computerassisted

Obtaining sample difficult easy easy easy easy

Cooperation rate Cost per respondent medium high medium low high high medium medium low low

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Which Type Of Survey A Researcher Should Use

It depend upon : What you want to know, how complex or sensitive the information is. Who the respondents are , their characteristics and which type of survey will be most appropriate. Your time line refers to the time in which you have to complete the survey. Available resources.

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Planning A Survey

Determine who should be involved in conducting the survey; engage them. Define what information you will collect. What do you want to know? o How will use the information? o Identify the respondents Determine sampling strategy, if a sample is to be used. Select how the survey will be distributed: hand-out, email, web-based. telephone, mail,

Think about data analysis, what will the end product/final report include (keep the end in mind).
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Develop the questionnaire. Pilot test the questionnaire and other materials. Develop a communication strategy to garner support for the survey. Consider budget, timeline, and management process. What resources are available to conduct a survey.

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How To Find out the Response Rate After The Survey Is Conducted
The proportion of people who respond:

# that answered # you contacted

= response rate

Example: If you distribute 50 questionnaires and you get 25 questionnaires back, your response rate is 50%.

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How To Increase The Response Rate: High response rate promotes confidence in results. The higher, Anything under warning. the better. 60% is a The survey topic is of interest to the respondents (called saliency).

Personalized request and communications related to the survey.

Keep It Short and Simple. Show positive regard; Say thank you. Use a combination of survey modes, telephone plus mail.
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Lower response rate increases the likelihood of biased results.

Things to Consider Before Using A Survey

Literacy level. Not best choice for people with oral tradition. Translation (demands more than just literal translation). How cultural traits affect response . How to sequence the questions. Computer access and use if an electronic survey.
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Strategies Data

for

Collecting

Mostly there are two strategies used for collecting data for quantitative research

1.Interviews:
There are two types of interviews: Unstructured Interviews: Interview in which questions are not prearranged, allowing for spontaneity and for questions to develop during the course of the interview. Done for qualitative research. Structured Interviews: The researcher asks a standard set of questions and nothing more . Done for quantitative research
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Methods for Structured Interviews

1: Face to face Interviews: Pros

Researcher establishes a rapport and gain cooperation. Allow researcher to clarify ambiguous answers. Response rate is high.

Cons Expensive Time consuming

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Methods for Structured Interviews

2:Telephone Interviews:
Pros

Less expensive Less time consuming Easy accessible Cons Response rate is low. The sample may be biased to the extent that people without phones are part of the population about whom the researcher wants to draw inferences.
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Methods for Structured Interviews

3: Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI): Pros Data is directly enter to the database by the researcher during interview. Saves time and also researcher dont have to go for caring the bundle of questionnaires. Cons Expensive because for this the researcher must have computer skills and also a proper setup is required.

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QUESTIONNAIRE

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. It is a written set of questions that are given to people in order to collect facts and opinion about something.

Used for research work by researcher, scientists, businesses, educational institution etc.
Especially it is used for colleting statistical information.
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ELEMENTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

Elements of Questionnaire

1) The cover letter

2) The instructions 3) The main body

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ELEMENTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

1) THE COVER LETTER: The cover letter must have the following details;

The main objectives and social significance of the study.

The research team and its sponsors. The reasons why the respondent should complete the questionnaire. Requirements for completion such as maximum time, conditions, etc.

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ELEMENTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

2) THE INSTRUCTIONS

How to fill the questionnaire?

To remind the Ethics. To request the respondents not to please the researcher. Other important instructions regarding questionnaire
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ELEMENTS OF QUESTIONNAIRE

3) THE MAIN BODY

Include all questions Multiple choices for answering questions Space for writing comments

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TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

FOUR TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE 1. 2. 3. Open ended questionnaire Close ended questionnaire Mixed questionnaire:

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Pictorial questionnaire

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1. OPEN ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE:

Open ended questionnaire is composed of questions which the respondent can answer in his own words. Respondent is free to express his views and the ideas.
Used in making intensive studies of the limited number of the cases. Do not provide any structure for the respondents reply.

Example: Tell me about your relationship with your supervisor How did you go about solving managerial problems?

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2. CLOSE ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE: Close ended questionnaire is composed of questions which the respondent can not answer in his own words.. Responses are limited to the stated alternatives. One of the alternatives is simply YES or NO. Respondent cannot express his own judgment.

Example: Are you feeling better today? Yes/ No

Do you get on well with your boss? Yes/ No

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4.
3. MIXED QUESTIONNAIRE: Mixed questionnaire is composed of both open ended and closed ended questions Mostly Used in field of social research.

PICTORIAL QUESTIONNAIRE: Used very rarely. Pictures are used to promote the interest in answering the questions. Used in studies related to the social attitudes. Used for Childs.

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Rules for Questionnaire Construction

Well presented, easy to follow. Clear instructions Space for answers Relevancy Ambiguity What not to ask? The language Print and colors The size Ethics
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Any Question

Thank You

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