Guess..

4.4 Understanding Lipids

The elements in lipids

Lipids are organic compounds made of C, H and O like carbohydrates The ratio of H atoms to O atoms in molecules of lipids is much higher then 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates Percentage of O in lipid is lower than in carbohydrates Ex: Olive oils (C57H104O6) Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in other lipids and organic solvents (ex: alcohol and ether)

The main types of lipids

Fats

Oils

Steroids

Waxes

Phospholipids

Waxes - found on the cuticles of epidermis of leaves, fruits and seeds and also in sebum (excreted from oil glands contains wax that soften our skin) Phospholipids - important components in the formation of plasma membrane Steroids - complex organic compounds which include cholestrol and hormones (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone)

The components of fats and oils

Lipids which are solids at room temperature are called fats Lipids which are liquid at room temperature are called oils Each molecule of fat and oils consists of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids Fats and oils are called triglycerides because they are formed from three molecules of fatty acids

The formation and breakdown of fats and oils

Fat and oils (triglycerides) are formed through the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids Triglycerides can also be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by hydrolysis reaction condensation + hydrolysis glycerol 3 molecules of fatty acids triglycerides water + 3 H2O

Differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

Saturated fats Comparisons Unsaturated fats

Contain fatty acids The presence of Contain fatty acids which do not have double bonds that have double any double bonds between C atoms bonds between between carbon in fatty acids carbon atoms (C atoms (all the atoms are not bonds between C bonded to the atoms have the maximum number maximum number of H atoms) of H atoms)

Saturated fats

Comparisons

Unsaturated fats

-C-C-C-CCannot form any chemical bonds with other atoms or react with additional H atom Solid
Contain more cholesterol Animal fats like butter

Structure Ability to react with an additional H atom

-C-C=C-CCan form any chemical bonds with other atoms or react with additional H atom

Condition at room Liquid temperature Cholesterol level Contain less cholesterol Examples Vegetables oils like corn oil and palm oil

Homework
State the elements in lipids State the main types of lipids Explain briefly the formation and breakdown of fats and oils Explain why it is better to cook with unsaturated fats when compared to saturated fats

Lipids
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Types: tryglycerides fats and oils phospholipids main component in membrane steroids complex organic compounds in cholestrol and hormones waxes long chain molecules

hydrolysis

Tryglyserides

water
condensation

3 fatty acids

glycerol

saturated Fats unsaturated

What are the differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats? Discuss and state the differences in a table.

- C - C - C - C H H H H Double bond Saturated fats

- C - C = C - C -

Unsaturated fats

Unsaturated fats with one double bond are called monounsaturated fats. Those with more than two double bonds are called polyunsaturated fats.

The differences between saturated fats and Unsaturated fats

Saturated fats
Saturated fats do not have any double bond.
Saturated fats Cannot form any bond with other atom

Unsaturated fats
Unsatgurated fats have st least one double bond.
Unsaturated fats are able to react with other atom.

Saturated fats are in solid form at room temperature.

Saturated fats Contain more cholesterol. One example of saturated fats is butter.

Unsaturate fats are in liquid form at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats have less cholesterol One example of unsaturated fats is corn oil

Proteins The basic units of proteins are amino acids. Build new cells for growth and renew damaged tissues. Important components of the plasma membrane. Components of enzymes, antibodies and certain hormones. Structure components of keratin in skin, collagen in bones and myosin in muscle tissues. Used to synthesis haemoglobin.