OFFSHORE PLATFORMS/STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION
Offshore structures may be used for a variety of reasons: Oil and gas exploration Navigation aid towers Bridges and causeways Ship loading and unloading facilities

OFFSHORE PLATFORM

Left to right: onshore platform; fixed platform; jackup rig; semi-submersible; drill ship; tension leg platform.

How petroleum exploration and refining process

OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

FACTOR CONSIDERATIONS
The design and analysis of offshore platforms must be done taking into consideration many factors, including the following important parameters:
Environmental (initial transportation, and in-place 100-

year storm conditions)

Soil characteristics American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) codes, and

recommendations

Intensity level of consequences of failure

BASIC COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS

Well
A hole drilled into the earth cased with metal tubular for the extraction of oil or gas or both.

Wellhead
The assembly of spools, valves, hangers & seals on which the casing and tubing strings are supported. The assembly that fits atop the wellhead is called

X-mas Tree.

Flow line
Piping that conveys hydrocarbon fluids from the wellhead to the Production Manifold.

Sapura Acergy Pipe lay and Wellhead Construction, Devil Creek Development Project

Manifold
Is an arrangement of large bore piping to where flowlines tie-in. Each manifold handles different pressure regimes depending on the bottom-hole pressure of the well.,.i.e. Low Pressure(LP), High Pressure(HP), Intermediate Pressure(IP)

Separator
Is a pressure vessel, either horizontal or vertical, used for separation of well fluids into gaseous and liquid components(usually oil and water).

Surge Vessel
A pressure vessel receiving and neutralizing sudden transient swings or surges in the fluid stream. Surge Vessels are often used on systems where fluid stream flow by heads or batches due to the presence on entrained vapours(gas).

Crude Oil Pumps

Are pumps that convey metered

export crude oil from the production platform to the next transit platform, to a gathering bulk line, or directly to an onshore crude oil storage terminal.

These pumps are usually multi-stage centrifugal pumps driven by natural gas engines or by heavy-duty electric motors.

Crude Oil Metering Skid

Is a flow measurement

package with associated piping, valves and control and measurement instrumentation that measures and registers primarily the volume and density of crude oil produced and exported from a particular platform or field.
This package is normally

equipped with a Meter Prover used for periodic calibration of the flow meter to ensure its accuracy.

Gas Metering Skid

Is a flow measurement package with associated piping, valves and control and

measurement instrumentation that measures and registers the mass of gas which is then converted to volume. Mass Flow Meters which are somewhat more accurate than Orifice Meters, are used in many production platform or onshore refineries where large volumes of gas flow are handled.

offshore platform component

Fixed tower structure

Stationary Floating SPARs

Types of offshore oil jib/ platform

Jack-up structure

Tension Leg platform (TLPs)

TOP SIDE AND JACKET

GRAVITY BASE STRUCTURE (GBS)

TOPSIDE AND JACKET

a) Topside and Jacket

A Topside is a dry structure totally above water which

contains all the facilities necessary for production, processing of hydrocarbon fluids (oil and gas) as well as facilities for artificial lifting of hydrocarbons (gaslift, water injecton, gas injection..etc). the sea bed and supports the Topside keeping it above water. The Jacket is secured onto the seabed by piles which runs through its main tubular legs or through skirt rings attached to its legs.

A Jacket is a free-standing substructure that stands on

Fixed Platform (Topside and Jacket)

Offshore Platform Construction Jacket Leg Installation

Topside during Load-Out and Tie-down

Topside during Tow-Out to Sea

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation

TOPSIDE

MSL
VOID FOR FLOATOVER OPERATION CARGO BARGE JACKET STRUCTURE

SEA BED

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Offshore FloatOver Installation : Preparing for Float-Over Entry

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation Offshore : Entry in Progress

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation Offshore : Clearance Check to ensure no clashes in the process of Entry

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation Offshore : Setting above Jacket Legs

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation Offshore : Ballasting(Water Intake), Alignment and Touch Down

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation Offshore : Disengage Transport Frame, Further Ballasting to create clearance before tow-away.

Topside and Jacket Structure configured for Float-Over Installation Offshore : Barge Tow-Away

GRAVITY BASE STRUCTURE (GBS)

b) Gravity Base Structure (GBS)

Gravity Base Structure A Gravity Base Structure is a superstructure made of several concrete caissons constructed of high-strength concrete reinforced with steel rods and prestressed tendons. Such design are impact-resistant against ice bergs and are suitable for North Sea environment.
A Gravity Base Structure can extend from seabed level to

above seawater level, support the topside above seawater level and protect it from iceberg impacts. A Gravity Base Structure comprises a monolithic reinforced concrete caisson which includes
a bottom slab which can rest on the seabed, a top slab.

Main Caissons of a Gravity Base Structure undergoing Construction

Top slab of the gravity base structure (GBS) consists of a 105.5m diameter concrete caisson, constructed using high-strength concrete, reinforced with steel rods and pre-stressed tendons

The Topside that will later be set over the GBS

Positioning the topsides over the GBS

Tow-Out of a GBS and Topside to Sea

Gravity Base Structure (GBS)

Offshore Platform- Fixed Tower

JACK-UP STRUCTURE

JACK-UP PLATFORM
The Jack-up Platform

consists of a triangular shaped (sometimes rectangular), box section barge fitted with three (sometimes four) moveable legs which enable the vessel to stand to the seabed in water depths of up to approximately 120 m (400 ft).

Jack up rig

Jack-Up Rigs - How's It Works!

TENSION LEG PLATFORMS (TLPs)

TENSION LEG PLATFORM (TLP)

A Tension Leg Platform (TLP) is a buoyant platform held in place by a mooring system. The TLPs are similar to conventional fixed platforms except that the platform is maintained on location through the use of moorings held in tension by the buoyancy of the hull. The mooring system is a set of tension legs or tendons attached to the platform and connected to a template or foundation on the seafloor. The template is held in place by piles driven into the

seafloor.

This method dampens the vertical motions of the platform, but allows for horizontal movements. TLPs are used in water depths from 1500 ft to 7000 ft.

TENSION LEG PLATFORM (TLP)

The "conventional" TLP is a 4-

column design which looks similar to a semisubmersible. Proprietary versions include the Seastar and MOSES mini TLPs; they are relatively low cost, used in water depths between 600 and 4,300 feet (200 and 1,300 m). Mini TLPs can also be used as utility, satellite or early production platforms for larger deepwater discoveries.

Tension Leg Platform(TLP)

TLP from Yard Fabrication to Offshore Installation

STATIONARY FLOATING SPARs

4) STATIONARY FLOATING SPARS/ FLOATING PLATFORMS

Floating Platforms are either mobile or semi-mobile.
SPAR

A SPAR is a single large-diameter semi-submerged Cylinder or Caisson moored by some 6-20 taut catenary lines that are anchored to the sea bed. The Spar supports a Topside and is equipped with void tanks and ballasting chambers fitted with pumps, piping and control instrumentation that works to keep the SPAR stable and floating on water. a. Truss Spar b. Classic Spar

Floating, Semi-Mobile Platforms (SPAR)

Spar Transportation and Installation

Two Types of Spar(Classic & Truss)

Malaysias first and only Spar with TAD alongside

Spar Platform from Yard Fabrication to Offshore Installation

Spar Platform as Completely Installed

Spar platform

Floating Structure

platform accident

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