Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LAB
Install TFTP server on a virtual machine Connect the machine to a Router To see the content of Flash file #show Flash To copy flash #Copy flash tftp supply IP address of TFTP Server and file name
To copy running-configuration #copy running-config tftp supply IP address of TFTP Server and file name
Password Recovery
Normal Boot Sequence
POST Bootstrap IOS Startup Running
Configuration Register
Decimal Bit 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 6 5 4 3 4 2 1 2 1 0 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
Default
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0
2102
This means that bits 13, 8, and 1 are on. To ignore NVRAM the 6th bit should be made ON When the 6th bit is turned on the value will be 2142
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Password Recovery
Show version will give configuration register value Password is stored in NVRAM To by pass NVRAM during boot sequence we need to change the configuration register value To change the CR values press Ctr+Break and go to ROM monitor mode
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Password Recovery
Router 2500 o/r 0x2142 i Router 2600 confreg 0x2142 >reset
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WAN vs LAN
Distance between WAN and LAN WAN speed is less WAN is leased from Service provider
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WAN Overview
Service Provider
WANs connect sites Connection requirements vary depending on user requirements and cost
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WAN technology/terminology
Devices on the subscriber premises are called customer premises equipment (CPE). The subscriber owns the CPE or leases the CPE from the service provider. A copper or fiber cable connects the CPE to the service providers nearest exchange or central office (CO). A central office (CO) is sometimes referred to as a point of presence (POP) This cabling is often called the local loop, or "last-mile".
CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) are equipments located at the customers site, they are owned, operated and managed by the customer.
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WAN technology/terminology
A demarcation point is where customer premises equipment (CPE) ends, and local loop begins.
The local loop is the cabling from demarcation point to Central Office (CO).
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WAN technology/terminology
Devices that put data on the local loop are called data communications equipment (DCE). The customer devices that pass the data to the DCE are called data terminal equipment (DTE). The DCE primarily provides an interface for the DTE into the communication link on the WAN cloud.
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WAN Devices
Modems transmit data over
voice-grade telephone lines by modulating and demodulating the signal.
The
digital signals are superimposed on an analog voice signal that is modulated for transmission.
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Switched
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Analog Services
Dial-up Modems (switched analog) Standard that can provides 56 kbps download speed and 33.6 kbps upload speed. With the download path, there is a digital-to-analogue conversion at the client side. With the upload path, there is a analogue-to-digital conversion at the client side.
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Wireless
Terrestrial Bandwidths typically in the 11 Mbps range Cost is relatively low Line-of-sight is usually required Usage is moderate Satellite Can serve mobile users and remote users Usage is widespread Cost is very high
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B D B
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30
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33
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Maximum Speed
56-64 Kbps 128 Kbps E1 / T1 E3/T3
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WAN Protocols
LAN E0 S0 S0 Network
Datalink WAN
Point to Point - HDLC, PPP Multipoint - Frame Relay, X.25 and ATM Physical
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HDLC Command
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
Enable hdlc encapsulation HDLC is the default encapsulation on synchronous serial interfaces
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An Overview of PPP
PPP Encapsulation
PPP is open standard HDLC is only for encapsulation PPP provides encapsulation and authentication PPP is made up of LCP and NCP LCP is for link control and NCP for multiple protocol support and call back
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PAP Perform Challenge Handshake CHAP Compress data at source; reproduce data at destination Monitor data dropped on link Avoid frame looping Load balancing across multiple links
Multilink
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Accept/Reject
Hostname: santacruz Password: boardwalk username santacruz password boardwalk
Accept/Reject
Authenticating Router
(The router that received the call.) Enabling PPP
Router to Be Authenticated
(The router that initiated the call.) Enabling PPP
Configuring PPP
Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Enable PPP encapsulation
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R2
hostname R1 username R2 password cisco ! int serial 0 ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication CHAP
hostname R2 username R1 password cisco ! int serial 0 ip address 10.0.1.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp ppp authentication CHAP
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4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: 4d20h: changed
%LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0, changed state to up Se0 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line Se0 PPP: Phase is AUTHENTICATING, by both Se0 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 2 len 28 from left" Se0 CHAP: I CHALLENGE id 3 len 28 from right" Se0 CHAP: O RESPONSE id 3 len 28 from left" Se0 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 2 len 28 from right" Se0 CHAP: O SUCCESS id 2 len 4 Se0 CHAP: I SUCCESS id 3 len 4 %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0, state to up
What is ISDN?
Small office
Digital PBX
Provider network
Telecommuter
Home office
Central site
Why ISDN?
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network Telephone services -> Telecommunication services Used for voice, data and video
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B D
BRI
D 2B
PRI
D 23 or 30B
NT1
2W U interface
I S D N
S w i t c h
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Function Group A set of functions implemented by a device or software Reference Point The interface between two function group
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Reference Points
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LAB-ISDN
R1 BRI E0 ISDN Switch BRI 10.0.0.2 E0 192.168.1.1 R2
192.168.0.1
10.0.0.1
192.168.0.2
192.168.1.2
Router(config)#hostname R1 R1(config)#username R2 password cisco R1(config-if)#int bri 0 R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 R1(config-if)#enacapsulation ppp R1(config-if)#PPP authentication CHAP R1(config-if)#no shut Static Routes or default route R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 R1(config)#isdn switch-type basic-net3
Access List R1(config)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit R1(config)#int bri 0 R1(config-if)# dialergroup 1 R1(config-if)#dialer map ip 10.0.0.2 name R2 20 R1(config-if)#no shut R1(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 100
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iproute
username name name password
secret
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Terminology
R1
FR Network
R2
Frame Relay Network End Device Interface Device Encapsulate Data Access Line
DCE Dedicated FR Switches, can be one or multiple
Trunk Line
Virtual Circuit an end to end connection between interface device - PVC or SVC
Data Link connection Identifiers (DLCI) number is the identification for VC, 16-1007 Committed Information Rate or CIR - agreed-upon bandwidth Frame Relay there are two encapsulation types: Cisco and IETF Local Management Interface (LMI) is a signaling standard used between your router and the first Frame Relay switch i - Cisco, ANSI, and Q.933A.
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FR Switch
200 DCE
192.168.3.10/29 R2 S0
E0
192.168.2.1/24
192.168.1.2/24
192.168.2.2/24
R1 Router#config t Router(config)#hostname R1 R1(config)# int s 0 R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.3.9 255.255.255.248 R1(config-if)#enacapsulation frame-relay R1(config-if)# frame-relay intf-type DTE R1(config-if)# frame-relay interface-dlci 100 R1(config-if-dlci)# exit R1(config-if)#framerelay map ip 192.168.3.10 100 R1(config-if)#no shut
Frame Relay Switch Router#config t Router(config)#hostname FRSwitch FRSwitch(config)# frame-relay switching FRSwitch(config)# int s 1/0 FRSwitch(config-if)#enacapsulation frame-relay FRSwitch(config-if)# frame-relay intf-type DCE FRSwitch(config-if)# clock rate 64000 FRSwitch(config-if)#no shut
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