Beruflich Dokumente
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Chapter 4
Ch 4 Outline
4 major tissue types- functions, features 4 types of membranes & functions Injury Aging
4 Types of tissue:
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Neural tissue
Connective tissue
Fills internal spaces Supports other tissues Transports materials Stores energy
Neural tissue
Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
Epithelial Tissues
Epithelia- layers of cells covering internal or
external surfaces
Glands- structures that produce fluid secretions, either attached or derived
from epithelia
Characteristics of Epithelia
Cellularity- composed almost entirely of cells held together by cell junctions
Polarity- exposed surface faces exterior of body or internal space (apical) and side attached to base(basal), structural & functional differences
Characteristics of Epithelia
Attachment- base of epithelium bound to basement membrane (basal lamina)
Avascularity- lack blood vessels, obtain nutrients by diffusion Regeneration- damaged & lost cells continuously replaced through stem cell division, very high rates
Basolateral surfaces:
Base- cellular attachment Sides- cells contact neighbors
Intercellular Connections
Epithelial cells tightly bound together
CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)- transmembrane
proteins
Intercellular Connections
Cell junctions- form bonds with other cells or extracellular material:
Occluding (tight) junctions Gap junctions Macula adherens (desmosomes)
Occluding Junctions
Gap junctions
Allow rapid communication
Held together by connexons (channel proteins) Allow ions to pass between cells Coordinate contractions in heart muscle
Gap Junctions
Attached to cytoskeleton
Spot Desmosomes
CAMS
Small discs connected to intermediate filaments, which function to stabilize cell shape
Intercellular cement
Hemidesmosome
Attach cell to extracellular filaments in basal lamina Stabilize cell position and anchor to underlying tissues
Classification of Epithelia
Singular epithelium; plural epithelia Classes of Epithelia
Based on shape
Simple Epithelia
Stratified Epithelia
Located where mechanical stress is severe- skin surface, lining of mouth, esophagus, anus Protects against attacks Keratin- protein adds strength & water resistant
-Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage -Appearance changes as stretching occurs
Columnar Epithelia
Simple columnar epithelium
Absorption and secretion
-Several cell types, varying shapes & functions -Not truly stratified -Cilia movement- nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
Glandular Epithelia
Specialized for secretion Endocrine glands
Release hormones into interstitial fluid
No ducts
Exocrine glands
Produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces
Through ducts Saliva, sweat, tears, milk Categorized by mode & type of secretion, structure
Merocrine Secretion
Produced in Golgi apparatus Released by vesicles- exocytosis Most common secretion mode Sweat glands, salivary glands
Apocrine Secretion
Holocrine Secretion
Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells Gland cells replaced by stem cells Sebaceous gland- oil coating on hair
Mucous glands:
secrete mucins- mucus
Multicellular glands- glandular epithelia & aggregations of gland cells Structure of the duct- simple or compound Shape of secretory portion of the gland
Tubular (straight/coiled) or blind pockets
Connective Tissues
Connect epithelium to the rest of the body
Dense layer of basal lamina produced by connective tissue
Functions:
Provide structure, support- bone Store energy- fat Transport materials- blood Defending body from microbes Protect organs
Connective Tissues
Characteristics of Connective Tissues
Specialized cells
Solid extracellular protein fibers Fluid extracellular ground substance
Extracellular components make up the matrix Majority of connective tissue volume Determines specialized function
Connective Tissues
Nine Cell Types of Connective Tissue Proper
Fibroblasts Fibrocytes Adipocytes Mesenchymal cells Melanocytes
Macrophages Mast cells Lymphocytes Microphages
Fibrocytes
2nd most abundant cell type:
Found in all connective tissue proper Maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper
Adipocytes
Fat cells- each cell stores a single, large fat droplet
Mesenchymal Cells
Stem cells that respond to injury or infection:
Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages
Mast Cells
Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection:
Release histamine and heparin
Connective Tissues
Ground Substance
Clear, colorless, viscous (thick) Fills spaces between cells & slows pathogen movement
Areolar Tissue
Loose Connective Tissues
Least specialized Open framework Viscous ground substance most volume
Elastic fibers
Holds blood vessels & capillary beds Under skin (subcutaneous layer), padding
Adipose Tissue
Loose Connective Tissues
Contains many adipocytes (fat cells) Types of adipose tissue
White fat:
Most common Stores fat, absorbs shocks, slows heat loss (insulation)
Brown fat:
More vascularized Adipocytes have many mitochondria When stimulated by nervous system, fat break down accelerates, releasing energy Energy absorbed from surrounding tissues- heats body
Adipose Tissue
Adipose cells
Adipocytes in adults do not divide:
Expand to store fat Shrink as fats are released
Adipose Tissues
Reticular organs
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers Tendons- attach muscles to bones Ligaments- connect bone to bone & stabilize organs Aponeuroses- tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscles to another muscle or
Connective Tissues
Lymph- extracellular fluid
Collected from interstitial space Monitored by immune system Transported by lymphatic system Returned to venous system
Cartilage Characteristics
Cartilage Matrix- firm gel contains proteoglycans
derived from chondroitin sulfates complexed with ground substance proteins Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)- occupy small chambers- lacunae
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Supportive but bends easily Found in external ear and epiglottis
Fibrous Cartilage
Periosteum
Covers bone surfaces except in joint cavities Fibrous layer Cellular layer
Matrix- mixture of calcium salts (calcium phosphate, carbonate) and collagen fibers
Membranes
Membranes- physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body
Consist of epithelium supported by connective tissues
Mucous Membranes
Line passageways with external connections
Digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
Serous Membranes
Line cavities not open to outside Thin but strong Have fluid, transudate, to reduce friction Parietal portion- covers cavity Visceral portion, serosa- covers organs
Peritoneum:
Lines peritoneal cavity Covers abdominal organs
Pericardium:
Lines pericardial cavity Covers heart
Cutaneous Membrane
Skin, surface of the body
Synovial Membranes
Articulating joint cavities (bones very close or touching)
Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)- joint movement is important in stimulating formation & circulation of fluid
Protect the ends of bones
Muscle Tissue
Specialized for contraction Produces all body movement Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood
vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts), contractility & support
Striated Muscle
Nonstriated Muscle
Neural Tissue
Specialized for conducting electrical impulses Rapidly senses internal or external environment
Processes information and controls responses Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord
Neuroglia
Supporting cells Repair and supply nutrients to neurons
Inflammation
Inflammation = inflammatory response
Process of Inflammation
Damaged cells release chemical signals into surrounding interstitial fluid Prostaglandins, proteins, potassium ions
Process of Inflammation
Damaged cells break down, lyse- contents leak out
Lysosomes release hydrolytic enzymes Tissue destruction surrounding tissues- necrosis
Process of Inflammation
Necrotic tissues and cellular debris (pus) accumulate in the wound
Abscess: pus trapped in an enclosed area
Process of Inflammation
Injury stimulates mast cells to release:
Histamine Heparin Prostaglandins
Process of Inflammation
Dilation of blood vessels (redness & heat) Increases blood circulation Brings more nutrients and oxygen to the area Removes wastes Plasma diffuses into the area Swelling and pain Phagocytic white blood cells Clean up the area- damaged cells, pathogens
An Introduction to Inflammation
Regeneration
Injury or infection is cleaned up healing begins Fibrocytes move into necrotic area
Lay down collagen fibers- bind area together (scar tissue)
New cells migrate into area or mesenchymal stem cells produce them Not all tissues can regenerate
Epithelia & connective tissues regenerate well Cardiac cells & neurons do not regenerate (or regenerate poorly)
Plastics (food); pesticides (air, water, soil, food); air pollution (industry, vehicles)