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PHYSIOLOGY
Importance of
Physiology & Anatomy
WHY WE NEED TO STUDY?
HUMAN ANATOMY
To be able to know what a normal structure in the body looks like
(with naked eye and under the microscope)
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
To be able to know and understand the normal function of the
structures (gross, tissue and cellular level ) in the body .
DISEASES------
If we will be able to identify and understand what “normal” is like
than we will be able to recognize and understand abnormal (i.e.
diseases) states (structure and function) of the body.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Levels of organization
2. Homeostasis
3. Homeostasis control mechanisms
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN
PHYSIOLOGY
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
4. Chemical level
5. Cellular level
6. Tissue level
7. Organ level
8. System level
9. Organism
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
• CHEMICAL LEVEL
- Atoms and molecules
- Atoms essential for maintaining life are; Carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca)
2. CELLULAR LEVEL
- CELL is a basic structural and functional unit of human body
- Membrane bound (plasma membrane)
- Contains fluid and organelles
- All cells have basic common features.
(E.g. O2 combines with nutrients to release energy for cell function)
- - they specialize or differentiate to perform a unique function
(E.g. muscle cell – function is contraction
; intestinal cells – function is absorption)
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
3. TISSUE LEVEL
- TISSUE is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
- 4 basic types of tissue;
1. EPITHEAL
2. MUSCLE TISSUE
3. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4. NERVOUS TISSUE
4. ORGAN LEVEL
- ORGAN structure composed of two or more tissues with recognizable
shape and specialized function.
- Example of organs - heart, liver, lungs, brain, stomach
- Specific e.g. – STOMACH
- outer covering is called the serosa – it has epithelial and
connective tissue.
- the serosa protects the stomach and reduces friction
when the stomach moves and rubs against other body
structures
Stomach – note the serosa of stomach
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
6. ORGANISM – all the parts of body functioning with one another comprises
the total organism (one living organism)
MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
The 11 body systems are;
1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2. SKELTAL SYSTEM
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
7. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. REPRODUCTION
MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
PRINCIPAL ORGANS - Skin and structures derived from it (e.g.
hair and nails, sweat glands, and oil glands)
FUNCTION -
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Eliminates some wastes,
• Helps produce vitamin D
• Monitors certain stimuli (e.g. temperature).
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
BODY SYSTEMS
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
PRINCIPAL ORGANS – all bones of the body, associated cartilages
and joints of the body.
FUNCTIONS -
1. Supports and protects body
2. Assists in body movements
3.Origin of cells that give rise to blood cells.
4. Stores minerals
SKELETAL SYSTEM
BODY SYSTEMS
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
PRINCIPAL ORGANS - skeletal muscle (muscle attached to bones),
FUNCTION
urethra
FUNCTION -