Chapter 5

Cell Respiration

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Outline

Chemical Energy Drives Metabolism Glucose Catabolism

Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Aerobic Respiration Summary Energy Storage Fermentation

Using Chemical Energy to Drive Metabolism

Autotrophs - Convert radiant energy into chemical energy. Heterotrophs - Live on energy heterotrophs produce.
Digestion - Breaking down large molecules with enzymes. Catabolism - Harvesting energy from C-H.

Using Chemical Energy to Drive Metabolism

Aerobic Respiration - Oxygen gas accepts the hydrogen atom and water forms. Anaerobic Respiration - Occurs when an inorganic molecule other than oxygen accepts the hydrogen. Fermentation - Occurs when an organic molecule accepts the hydrogen atom. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (energy currency)

Composed of:
Five-carbon sugar (ribose) Adenine Triphosphate group

Energy Storage

Phosphate groups are highly negatively charged.

Unstable bonds easily broken.

ATP

Cells use ATP to drive endergonic reactions.

Instability makes ATP ideal for short-term energy source, but a poor candidate for long-term energy storage.

ATP

ATP serves as cells energy currency.

Locomotion Endergonic Reactions

Enzyme driving reaction has two binding sites. One for the reactant and one for ATP.

Energy released from ATP pushes the reactant at the site up the gradient.

Overview of Glucose Catabolism

Cells catabolize organic molecules and make ATP two ways:

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Aerobic Respiration Overview

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Overview of Glucose Catabolism

Glycolysis

Biochemical pathway that produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

Yields a net of two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose catabolized.

Overview of Glucose Catabolism

Anaerobic Respiration

In the absence of oxygen, some organisms can still respire anaerobically, using inorganic molecules to accept electrons.
Methanogens Sulfur Bacteria

Glycolysis

Priming
Glucose Priming Cleavage and Rearrangement

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidation ATP Generation

Glycolysis

All Cells Use Glycolysis

Every living creature is capable of carrying out glycolysis.

Most present-day organisms can extract considerably more energy from glucose through aerobic respiration.

Glycolysis

Two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. Thus NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue unabated.
Aerobic Respiration Fermentation

Oxidation of Pyruvate

In stage two of glucose catabolism, pryuvate is decarboxylated, yielding:

acetylCoA NADH CO2.

Occurs within mitochondrian.

Krebs Cycle

The Krebs Cycle generates two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

Harvest many energized electrons which can be directed to the electron transport chain to drive synthesis of more ATP.

Krebs Cycle

Overview
Step A: Priming Step B: Energy Extraction

Reactions
Reaction 1 - Condensation Reactions 2 and 3 Isomerization Reaction 4 - First Oxidation Reaction 5 - Second Oxidation

Krebs Cycle

Reaction 6 - Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Reaction 7 - Third Oxidation Reactions 8 and 9-Oxaloacetate Regeneration

Electron Extraction

Catabolism of glucose involves a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that release energy by re-depositing electrons closer to oxygen atoms. Energy is thus harvested from glucose in gradual steps, using NAD+ as an electron carrier.

Electron Transport Chain

The electrons harvested from glucose are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix by the electron transport chain.

Return of protons onto the matrix generates ATP.

Summarizing Aerobic Respiration

Oxidative reduction produces approximately 30 molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells.

About one-third of the energy in the chemical bonds of glucose.

Regulating Aerobic Respiration

Relative levels of ADP and ATP regulate the catabolism of glucose at key committing reactions.

Energy Storage

Proteins, fats, and other organic molecules are also metabolized for energy.

Amino acids of proteins are first deaminated while fats undergo oxidation.

Fermentation

Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Electrons that result from the glycolytic breakdown of glucose are donated to an organic molecule regenerating NAD+ from NADH.

Review

Chemical Energy Drives Metabolism Glucose Catabolism

Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Aerobic Respiration Summary Energy Storage

Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display