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R R'
E a a
R R'
R R'
3
0
( ')
.
4
P
q
tc
=
R R
E
R R'
1 2
12 2 12 12
2
0 12
(N).
4
q q
q
R tc
= = F E a
Coulombs law
Position vector for P :
Position vector for Q :
Difference :
Magnitude :
Electric field intensity :
0.2 2.3
x z
OP
= = R a a
' 0.2 0.1 2.5
x y z
OQ
= = + R a a a
' 0.4 0.1 0.2
x y z
= + R R a a a
2 2 2 1/ 2
' [( 0.4) ( 0.1) (0.2) ] 0.458 (m). = + + = R R
9
9
3 3
0
( ') 5 10
(9 10 ) ( 0.4 0.1 0.2)
0.458
4
214.5( 0.873 0.218 0.2) (V/m).
P x y z
x y z
q
tc
= = +
= +
R R
E a a a
R R'
a a a
Example 3.1
Determine the electric field at P(-0.2, 0, -2.3) due a point charge (+5 nC) of at
Q(0.2, 0.1, -2.5) in air.
Total field at a point is the vector sum of the fields caused by all the individual
charges.
' ' '
1 1 2 2
3 3 3
' ' '
0
1 2
'
3
'
1
0
( ) 1 ( ) ( )
4
( ) 1
(V/m).
4
n n
P
n
n
k k
k
k
q q q
q
tc
tc
=
(
(
= + + +
(
R R R R R R
E
R R R R R R
R R
R R
( )
2
2
7 2 7 8 9 0
0
1
where 10 10 3 10 9 10 (m/F).
4 4
c
c
tc t
= = = =
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Differential element of charge is same as point charge (fig. 3-3)
Electric field intensity of a volume distribution of charge :
2
0
.
4
R
d
d
R
u
u
tc
= E a
3
2
'
0
1
' (V/m), where (C/m ) : volume charge density.
4
R
V
d
R
u
u
u
tc
=
}
E a
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Electric field intensity of a surface distribution of charge :
Electric field intensity of a line charge :
2
2
'
0
1
' (V/m), where (C/m ) : surface charge density.
4
s
R s
s
ds
R
tc
=
}
E a
2
'
0
1
' (V/m), where (C/m) : line charge density.
4
R
L
d
R
tc
=
}
E a
Electric field due to a system of discrete charges
Determine the electric field intensity of an infinitely long, straight, line charge of a
uniform line charge density
l
(C/m) in air.
Electric field intensity :
Distance vector from the source to the field point :
2 3
' '
0 0
1 1
' ' (V/m).
4 4
R
L L
d d
R R
tc tc
= =
} }
R
E a
'.
r z
r z = R a a
Example 3.3
R
R
a =
R
Cylindrical symmetry
Cylindrical coordinate system
Electric field due to the differential line charge element
components will cancel in the integration process.
Electric field intensity due to an infinite straight line charge :
' ' d dz =
2 2 3/ 2
0
2 2 3/ 2 2 2 3/ 2
0 0
'( ')
,
4 ( ' )
' ' '
where and .
4 ( ' ) 4 ( ' )
r z
r r z z
r z
dz r z
d dE dE
r z
rdz z dz
dE dE
r z r z
tc
tc tc
= = +
+
= =
+ +
a a
E a a
2 2 3/ 2 2 2 2 1/ 2
0 0 0
2 2 3 2 2 2
' '
(V/m).
4 ( ' ) 4 ( ' ) 2
.
( )
r r r r r
r dz r z
E
r z r r z r
dx x
x a a x a
tc tc tc
= = = =
+ +
=
+ +
}
}
E a a a a
z
a
Example 3.3