Chapter 8 Personality

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Topics to Explore
1. Trait Theories 2. Psychoanalytic Theory 3. Social-Cognitive Theories 4. Humanistic Theories

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Personality: Some Terms

Personality: a persons internally based characteristic way of acting and thinking Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and distractibility Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations Personality Type: People who have several traits in common

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Example of Personality Type

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Personality Theories
Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to e plain personality!

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Types of Personality Theories

Trait Theories: "ttempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior Psychodynamic Theories: #ocus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles Humanistic Theories: #ocus on private, subjective e perience and personal growth Social-Cognitive Theories: "ttribute difference in personality to sociali$ation, e pectations, and mental processes

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A Little Exercise

See in class!

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Scoring the PTQ

%n the score sheet, for each item, circle the term you circled on the questionnaire for that item! &f you circled 'heredity( for item ), circle 'heredity( under both * and + on the answer sheet! "dd up the number of items circled in each column! ,he column with the greatest number of items circled represents the type of personality theory closest to your own views!

Part 1 Trait Theories

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J ng!s Theory of T"o Types

Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a #reudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types: - Introvert: Shy, self.centered person whose attention is focused inward - Extrovert: /old, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

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Carl J ng

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Eysenc#!s Three $actor Theory

Hans Eysenck, 0nglish psychologist, believed that there are three fundamental factors in personality: - Introversion versus Extroversion - Emotionally Stable versus nstable !neurotic" - Impulse Control versus Psychotic

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%ans Eysenc#

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Eysenc#!s Theory& contin e'

,he first two factors create 1 combinations, related to the four basic temperaments recogni$ed by ancient 2reeks: - #elancholic 3introverted 4 unstable5: sad, gloomy - Choleric 3e troverted 4 unstable5: hot.tempered, irritable - Phlegmatic 3introverted 4 stable5: sluggish, calm - Sanguine 3e troverted 4 stable5: cheerful, hopeful

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Cattell: So rce ( S rface Traits

$aymond Cattell: from 6evon, 0ngland, believed that there were two basic categories of traits: Sur%ace Traits: #eatures that make up the visible areas of personality Source Traits: 7nderlying characteristics of a personality 8attell also constructed the 16PF, a personality test identifying )9 personality factors 3source traits5!

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)aymon' Cattell

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The Sixteen Personality $actors

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Cattell: The *ig $i+e

8attell believed that five factors were most important: %penness 8onscientiousness 0 traversion "greeable :euroticism

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,raphic: The *ig $i+e

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E+al ation of Trait Theories

- "re traits as pervasive as trait theories claim; &s someone shy always or does it depend on the situation; - "re traits as enduring and unchangeable as trait theories claim; 8an we change our traits; &f so, how easily; - "re traits affected by social and cultural upbringing; %r are our personalities formed at birth and unchanging thereafter;

Part Psychoanalytic Theory

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$re '!s Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund &reud, <!6!,a =iennese physician who thought his patients problems were more emotional than physical! #reud began his work by using hypnosis and eventually switched to psychoanalysis! #reud had many followers: >ung and "dler, to name a few! <ore than )?? years later, his work is still influential and very controversial

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Sigm n' $re '

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The .'& Ego& an' S perego

Id' &nnate biological instincts and urges@ self.serving A irrational - ,otally unconscious - Borks on Pleasure Principle: Bishes to have its desires 3pleasurable5 satisfied :%B, without waiting and regardless of the consequences Ego' 0 ecutive@ directs id energies - Partially conscious and partially unconscious - Borks on $eality Principle: 6elays action until it is practical andCor appropriate

The .'& Ego& an' S perego& contin e'

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Superego' Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego - Superego comes from our parents or caregivers@ guilt comes from the superego - ,wo parts . Conscience: Deflects actions for which a person has been punished 3e!g!, what we shouldnt do or be5 . Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego@ reflects behavior ones parents approved of or rewarded 3e!g!, what we should do or be5

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Le+els of A"areness
Conscious: 0verything you are aware of at a given moment Preconscious: <aterial that can easily be brought into awareness nconscious: Holds repressed memories and emotions and the ids instinctual drives

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,raphic: Le+els of A"areness

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Ca se of Anxiety
0go is always caught in the middle of battles between superegos desires for moral behavior and the ids desires for immediate gratification (eurotic )nxiety: 8aused by id impulses that the ego can barely control #oral )nxiety: 8omes from threats of punishment from the superego *e%ense mechanism' a process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from an iety

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Examples of /efense 0echanisms

$egression' 0go seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress! *isplacement' 0go shifts unacceptable feelings from one object to another, more acceptable object! Sublimation' 0go replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one $eaction &ormation: 0go transforms an unacceptable motive or feeling into its opposite! Pro+ection: 0go attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others! $ationali,ation: 0go justifies an unacceptable motive by giving a false acceptable 3but false5 reason for behavior

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A Little Exercise

See in class!

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A Little Exercise& contin e'

See in class!

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A Little Exercise& contin e'

See in class!

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Personality /e+elopment
"ccording to #reud, personality develops in stages@ everyone goes through same stages in same order! <ajority of personality is formed before age 9 Erogenous -one: "rea on body capable of producing pleasure &ixation: 7nresolved conflict or emotional hang.up caused by overindulgence or frustration

Stages of Personality /e+elopment

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.ral Stage: "ges ?.)! <ost of infants pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth! &f a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop! - .ral *ependent Personality: 2ullible, passive, and need lots of attention! #i ations create oral.aggressive adults who like to argue and e ploit others! - Erogenous ,one' mouth !oral" )nal Stage' "ges ).E! "ttention turns to process of elimination! 8hild can gain approval or e press aggression by letting go or holding on! 0go develops! Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child either: - )nal $etentive: Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean - )nal Expulsive: 6isorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel - Erogenous ,one' anus

Stages of Personality /e+elopment& contin e'

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Phallic Stage: "ges E.9! 8hild now notices and is physically attracted to opposite se parent! 8an lead to: - .edipus Con%lict' #or boys only! /oy feels rivalry with his father for his mothers affection! /oy may feel threatened by father 3castration an iety5! ,o resolve, boy must identify with his father 3i!e!, become more like him and adopt his heterose ual beliefs5! - Electra Con%lict: 2irl loves her father and competes with her mother! 2irl identifies with her mother more slowly because she already feels castrated! Erogenous ,one' phallus

Stages of Personality /e+elopment& contin e'

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/atency: "ges 9.Puberty! Psychose ual development is dormant! Same se friendships and play occur here! 0enital Stage: Puberty.on! Deali$ation of full adult se uality occurs here@ se ual urges re.awaken!

E+al ation of Psychoanalytic Theory

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- #reud overemphasi$ed se uality and placed little emphasis on other aspects of the childs e perience! - #reuds theory is largely untestable! Particularly, the concept of the unconscious is unprovable! - "ccording to #reud, the only way that people in psychological distress can get relief is to undergo length therapy, to identify unresolved conflicts from infancy and childhood! - #reuds view of people is overly negative and pessimistic!

Part 1 Social2Cogniti+e Theories

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*an' ra!s Theory

Sel%-system' the set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates hisCher behavior! /andura proposed that what we think of as personality is a product of this self.system! 8hildren observe behavior of models 3such as parents5 in their social environment! Particularly if they are reinforced, children will imitate these behaviors, incorporating them into personality! /andura also proposed that people observe their own behavior and judge its effectiveness! Sel%-e%%icacy' a judgment of ones effectiveness in dealing with particular situations!

)otter!s Theory of Loc s of Control

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Julian $otter' "merican psychologist, began as a #reudianF His personality theory combines learning principles, modeling, cognition, and the effects of social relationships External locus o% control' perception that chance or e ternal forces beyond personal control determine ones fate Internal locus o% control' perception that you control your own fate! /earned Helplessness' a sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that heCshe is unable to prevent aversive events

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J lian )otter

E+al ation of Social2Cogniti+e Theories

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- Social.cognitive theories tend to be overly.mechanical! - %veremphasi$es environmental influences@ gives little or no consideration to the possibility of innate personality differences or the effects of genetics! - 6oes not recogni$e internal human qualities such as hope, aspiration, love, self.sacrifice

Part 3 % manistic Theories

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% manism
Humanism' "pproach that focuses on human e perience, problems, potentials, and ideals Human (ature: ,raits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of humans &ree Choice: "bility to choose that is :%, controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces Sub+ective Experience: Private perceptions of reality

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0aslo"!s Theory
"braham <aslow is considered father of the humanistic movement! He observed the lives of 3purportedly5 healthy and creative people to develop is theory! Hierarchy o% needs' the motivational component of <aslows theory, in which our innate needs, which motivate our actions, are hierarchically arranged! Sel%-actuali,ation' the fullest reali$ation of a persons potential

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A4raham 0aslo"

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,raphic: %ierarchy of 5ee's

Characteristics of Self2Act ali6e' People

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0fficient perceptions of reality 8omfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature Spontaneity ,ask 8entering "utonomy 8ontinued freshness of appreciation #ellowship with humanity Profound interpersonal relationships 8omfort with solitude :on.hostile sense of humor Peak e periences

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Some Self2Act ali6e' People

"lbert 0instein Dalph Baldo 0merson Billiam >ames ,homas >efferson - "braham Gincoln - 0leanor Doosevelt - "lbert Schweit$er - <ahatma 2andhi

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Carl )oger!s Self Theory

Carl $ogers' "merican psychologist@ believed that personality formed as a result of our strivings to reach our full human potential! &ully &unctioning Person: Gives in harmony with hisCher deepest feelings and impulses Sel%-Image: ,otal subjective perception of your body and personality Conditions o% 1orth: behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard! nconditional Positive $egard: 7nshakable love and approval Positive Sel%-$egard: ,hinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person

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Carl )ogers

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E+al ation of % manistic Theories

- <any of the Humanists claims are untestable! - Humanists may have an overly.positive, rosy view of humankind! ,hey do not look at the 'dark side!( - #or the Humanists, the cause of all our problems lies not in ourselves, but in others! - <aslows characteri$ation of self.actuali$ed individuals is very biased toward a certain philosophical position! - <ost of the people <aslow identified as self.actuali$ed had rather serious psychological problems!

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A Little Exercise

See in class!

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Scoring the *riggs20yers

See in class!

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.nterpreting the *riggs20yer

Extraversion' sociability, energi$ed by people, lonely when alone 3HIJ5 Sensation' practical, trusts facts@ learns through e .perience@ wants to deal with whats real Thinking' prefers the objective, logical, analytical Judging' prefers closure, wants deadlines, feels more comfortable once a decision has been made! Intraversion' territorial, enjoys being alone, private, drained by people 3KIJ5 Intuition' innovative, fantasi$es@ future more attractive than the present &eeling' prefers the subjective, personal, values Perceiving' resists closure, wants more A more data@ values the open.ended@ pressure to decide stressful