GROUP: ERMU6C

MOHD ZUFFI BIN ABDUL MAJID AMRAN BIN SEMAN

IZA HAIRANI BINTI ABU BAKAR

HASLINDA BT BAHARUDIN

KUMPULAN ERMU6C (CHAPTER 1 )

MOHD ZUFFI BIN ABDUL MAJID 2011249098

AMRAN BIN SEMAN 2011406286

HASLINDA BINTI BAHARUDIN 2011801606

IZA HAIRANI BINTI ABU BAKAR 2011891362

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, students should know the general philosophy of the different sports and games, according to the culture and norms

Instead, the students will know the true philosophy of the basic principles of individuality

The philosophy of sport is concerned with the

conceptual analysis and interrogation of ideas and issues of sports and related practices such as coaching, sports journalism and sports medicine. At its most general level, it is concerned with articulating the nature and purposes of sport. The philosophy of sport never fixed.

Its methods require of scholars in

the philosophy of sport to develop

inherently self-critical thinking,

continuously challenging their own

preconceptions and guiding

principles both as to the nature and purposes of philosophy and of sports.

The philosophy of sport not only gathers insight from the various fields of philosophy as they open up our appreciation of sports practices and institutions, but also generates substantive and competing views of sport itself:

Aesthetics

Epistemolo gy
Applications in the field of Philosophy and Philosophy of Sport

Ethics

Logic

Metaphysi cs

Philosophy can be categorized based on the five areas of the question, namely: Metaphysics This field of philosophical thinking is about existence. Example : Is type of everything exists? What is the nature of "nature - nature" is? Do things exist without dependence on human senses? What is the nature of space and time? What is the nature of mind and thought? What does the man said? What is said to be aware of? Does God exist?

Epistemology The field philosophical thinking about science. An example of such a question is: What is knowledge? Are there knowledge? How do we know what we know? How do we know there are other minds? Ethics This philosophy thinking about human morality. Example question: Is there a difference between moral action and wrong action? If so, what is the difference? Action which is right and what is wrong action? Is the absolute value, or a comparison? How one should live?

Logic Logic is a field of philosophy that studies the human reasoning. Aesthetics Philosophy think about beauty. Sample question: What is beautiful?

Philosophy of science

Philosophy of education

Philosophy of law

Specific Philosoph y
Social and political philosophy

Philosoph y of mind

Philosoph y of rules

Within these diverse compartments

of philosophy, there has been a

tendency for one philosophical

tradition to dominate:
Analytical Philosophy.

There is undoubtedly continental philosophy has

developed a philosophy of sport literature. Both

approaches Western philosophical tradition and the interests of Eastern philosophy, which in Japan has resulted in a significant amount in the literature of philosophy of sport.

The research philosophy is basically

associated with the expression of ideas.

Biomedical Sciences universal language

of sport represents placed in a rational technical (scientific method).

The philosophers working in the tradition of the continent largely develop research in existentialism, hermeneutics and phenomenology.

Although the label itself is driven by geographic considerations (work stems from the scholarly community in France, Germany and elsewhere in Europe), one finds the philosophers of sport right across the globe

world through the traditions. Similarly,

although the philosophical analysis of the

dominant tradition in Anglo.

American philosophy is misleading in the sense that some of its founding fathers were indeed from continental Europe. The drawing of

distinctions to represent our experience of

sports world, however, is common to all schools or traditions of sport philosophical endeavor. Given the dominance of the analytic traditionand the English speaking counterparts of it a few more specific words are required in order to make sense of recent developments in the philosophy of sport.

Philosophical analysis of the investigation emerged as a concept in principle as a basic purpose. It is often expressed in Locke's famous statement about the scope of work philosophy analogous to a laborer working in the garden of knowledge.

As a second-order activity, the main objective is to provide secure foundations for other disciplines to explain the geographic concept. Superiority that was revealed by the insistence that the concept of empirical work leading all the right questions.

Athletes who have been equipped with the analytical tools of discovery to the criteria of the constituent concepts, conceptual drawing differences with logical grammar and find suitable differences in their jobs.

The discipline of philosophy has been reduced to some tune on the prevalence of common language and necessary and sufficient condition for detecting the correct meaning of other concepts. Despite the 'new' spirit of survival remain here with the ancient past.

Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle also worried about marking the difference, leading explanations where previously confusion became worse. Many philosophers argue about whether we live in the post-Analytical Philosophy.

What that means is not clear. We live in a period of exciting intellectual development in which the matter described in the philosophy of sport. In the meantime, the attention clearly on the analysis of the concept will always be considered important in the component analysis of the philosopher as guide research, driven by the concept of the philosophy of sport, games and play, turned it down.

Philosophers have been clear about the

need to abandon the aim of neutrality

traditionally found in much analytical

philosophy in favors of arguing for substantive positions in relation to the commodification of sports, their commercialization, and their corruption

In addition to the substantive development, the norm has been continued rather than against. It involves the concept of logic in that statement carefully. In a conflict that has raged in the social scientific literature has made major contributions based on a clear understanding of the potential range of sports concept.

Similarly in ethics, philosophers have tried to argue for sport suitability of the various moral philosophies in theory to capture sports action sports also in it.

In these fields, philosophers have generated new ideas about the contested nature of sports ethics itself whether as contract, duty/obligation, utility or virtue. In doing so, they have often connected with the empirical research of other bodies of knowledge

CONCLUSSION

Philosophy of sport is a branch of philosophy that analyzes sports issues as human activities. Philosophical perspective against sport began in Ancient Greece, after experiencing a recovery at the end of the 20th century. The aspects of the philosophy of sport as a guide and basis against a decision. It is created by thought and observation and experience that has been passed by someone and in daily life. Philosophy is used as a search tool on the understanding that a person will live better. Therefore, the problems faced one would make certain attitude in facing problems. This is the role of philosophy in which facing the problems such as the question of the divinity of life, truth and happiness will have an impact on the attitudes, methods, events, activities, conclusions and will take effect in the life of a human being.

The Principle of Individuality

The Principle of Individuality dictates that the decisions concerning the nature of training should be made with each individual athlete in mind (Rushall, 1979a).

A coach must always consider that each athlete should be treated independently (Bompa, 1986, 17).

The Principle of Individuality Incorrect forms of training prescription result from all athletes in a team training with the same schedule and load. Attempts to copy the programs of champions, which is still a common practice among many coaches, will also result in incorrect loadings of the work of training for most individuals.

The wise coach is aware that the team's athletes are different. Performance Fitness Differences among athletes

Life Style

Nutrition

Athletes respond to the physical and social environment training in their own unique way. It is important that these training programs to meet individual needs and preferences in order to optimize performance improvement.

Factors that exist around the training and

programs designed are: quality and affordability

of individual athletes, age, and training

principles. This chapter discusses the key factors

that should be considered when prescribing

exercise to individuals.

Principle Individual Training

(1) WARMING UP Each workout should begin with a warm-up session (warming up) and ended with a soothing body (cooling down).

(2) STANCE PROGRESS. Physical training program should be progressive. It refers to the increasing difficulty of training gradually. The rate of increase should be based on individual ability. Individuals are different then the intensity of training should be appropriate to the capacity of each individual.

(3) ADDED LOAD Having a close relationship with progression. Training system should be designed to pressure the appropriate time in order to adapt to the excessive workload.

Principle Individual Training

(4) INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Training programs must be individually because there are individual differences in terms of goals, physiology, motivation, genetics and environment.

PRINCIPLES INDIVIDUAL (5) Intensity Within a physical training program emphasis is on intensity of training load. TRAINING Intensity of training load is given by improving the training that athletes work on
physical ability levels, respectively. The most obvious indicator of exercise intensity is a good athlete achieve the pulse rate to the level of sub-maximal exercise. (70% to 80% knl).

(6) Specificity (SPECIALIZATION) Planned training program should be geared to the goals to be achieved. Training is planned to involve activities that improve strength and endurance, flexibility (flexibility) and other aspects of physical fitness. Specific training shall be conducted in accordance with the underlying game.

Principle Individual Training

(7) FREQUENCY OF TRAINING fitness activities should be part of life. Frequency of training will ensure our physical fitness improvement. It is suggested that at least three times a week (8) TRAINING TIME Training time depends closely with the intensity of the training activities. (9) Reversibility Training undertaken should be consistent because of the impact and outcome of the training is not permanent. (10) DIVERSITY OF TRAINING Diversify training can eliminate the boredom and tedium of athletes. (11) RECONCILIATION TRAINING OR ADOPTION When the body is exposed to stress and load changing training then it will adapt slowly to address the requirements imposed on the exercise.

TRAINING LOAD

TRAINING LOAD

The most effective method to enhance muscle. Training principles. Overload Principle
Progression Principle Specificity Principle Reversibility Principle

Overload Principle
Heavy burden at the beginning to be compatible with athletic ability. Repetitions and the weight of the load should be increased gradually.

Progression Principle
Muscles of the body should be trained first. This is because the small muscle will easily fatigue when compared with big muscles. Two types of exercises that involve the same muscles are not recommended and should be avoided.

Specificity Principle
The training must be specific to the body that are involved in a game.

Reversibility Principle
Training should be conducted alternate to give enough time for recovery. If not, there will be fatigue problem and this will interfere with the optimal big achievement.

Dumbell/ barbell Shrug

Side Letreal

Incline Bench Press

Pec Deck

One Arm Dumbbell row

Standing Barbell Curl

Pull Down

Cable Row

Leg Extention

Leg Press

Triceps Push Down

Lying Tricep Extention

The optimum training loads vary between athletes.

1)

Forbes Carlile (Australia swimming coach ) often recounts the training performances the best teo distance swimmers in the world in the early 1970s.

Shane Gould
Thrived on seemingly hard training with her training performances being of quite a high level Karen Moras Exhibited training performances that were must slower than those of Shane

In competitions, the two recorded remarkably similar times.

The optimum training loads vary between athletes.

2)

Dr James Counsilman (Indiana University) Mark Spitz Light training load John Kinsella and other swimmer Normal training loads

Both were the best in the world at that time in freestyle swimmers events

These are examples of different training loads being required for different athletes to produce the optimum training stress to record world best performances.

There is no guarantee that an athlete who tolerances heavy training loads is going to be the best performer in competitions.

Athlete performance does not depend on fitness factor responsible for achieving sporting success.

The tolerance of training load also seems to be related to an athletes history of involvement.

The coach must carefully monitor the

capacity of the athlete to cope with the

training load and adjust the training program when necessary.

When the early level of fitness is low, the potential for improvement is high. When an athlete has not enough training, the performance improvement will be obvious and great with the commencement of training. When athletes are training enough, the performance improvement will be small and relatively rare. Thus, the reaction of athletes will vary depending on your level of fitness and training program content.

Fitness Training And Muscle Strength

Men who were early maturing growth of muscle size rapidly and increase strength also produced capabilities exercise in a specific age group. Men are slower mature, no matter how much training is done and the results are found to be the same as the man who mature earlier. With the advent of puberty, individuals will differ in character of their reactions and performance levels resulting from the training.

Preacher Curl Training (Maximize The Form And Biceps Muscle Strength)

The muscle fibers in the muscles respond quickly to produce an individual response. Athletes focus more on strength training rather than endurance-oriented training. This is because the height of the strain generated in the muscle during weight training requires fibers respond quickly to the most gains. After a long fibers hypertrophy and do due to their abundance in the muscle, contribute significantly to increases in its size (Dons, Bollerup, Bonde-Peterson, & 1979)

Weight Training

 A similar age will react differently from one of another day, as in the example of strength training and maturational factors puberty. Other features which cause different reactions among athletes. Associated with weight training, young athletes will break down and recover faster in training than those who are older. Individual training programs responsive to training factor.

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