Material and Energy Balances

Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Calculations

In designing a new process or analyzing an existing one, calculation of amounts and properties of raw materials and products is crucial. This chapter presents the calculation techniques of expressing the values of process variables.

What are in this chapter?

Introduction to Engineering Calculations

Units and Dimensions

Conversion of Units

Systems of Units

Topic Outcomes
At the end of Chapter , you should!

Convert one set of units in a function or equation into another equivalent set for mass, length, area, volume, time, energy and force using conversion factor tables. Identify the units commonly used to express both mass and weight. Identify the number of significant figures in a given value and state the precision with which the value is "nown.

Units and Dimensions

#imensions are! $roperties that can be measured such as length, time, mass, temperature. $roperties that can calculated by multiplying or dividing other dimensions, such as velocity %length&time', volume, density. (nits are used for expressing the dimensions such as feet %ft' or meter %m' for length, hours&seconds %hr&s' for time.

Conversion of Units

A measured quantity can be expressed in terms of any units having the appropriate dimension. To convert a quantity expressed in terms of one unit to equivalent in terms of another unit, multiply the given quantity by the conversion factor. Conversion factor - a ratio of equivalent values of a quantity expressed in different units. .et say to convert )* mg to gram )* mg g ,,, mg + ,.,)* g
Conversion factor

Dimensional Equation
To convert a quantity with a unit to its equivalent in term of other units, set up a dimensional equation!

/rite the given quantity and units on left /rite the units of conversion factors that cancel the old unit and replace them with the desired unit 0ill the value of the conversion factors Carry out the arithmetic value

Dimensional Equation

Convert cm s1 cm s1

cm&s1 to "m&yr1 s1 h1 h1 day1 day1 yr1 121 h1

1

m cm

"m m m ,, cm
1

)*,,1 s1
1

)*31 day1
1

"m ,,, m

h1

day1 +

yr1

)*,,1 x 121 x )*31 ,, x ,,,

"m yr1

4.43 x ,4 "m& yr

Dimensional Equation

Convert 2 "g&m) to lbm&ft) 2 "g m) 2 "g m) ,.,15) 6) m) ft) m) ft) ,.23)34) lbm "g lbm "g

2 x ,.,15) 6) x x ,.23)34)

lbm ft)

1.,,1 x ,72 lbm&ft)

Systems of Units

Components of a system of units! 8ase units 7 units for the dimensions of mass, length, time, temperature, electrical current, and light intensity. 9ultiple units7 multiple or fractions of base unit. :.g.! for time can be hours, millisecond, year, etc. #erived units 7 units that are obtained in one or two ways; a' 8y multiplying and dividing base units; also referred to as compound units. :g.! ft&min %velocity', cm1%area', "g.m&s1 %force' b' As defined equivalent of compound unit. %<ewton + "g.m&s1'

Systems of Units
=

) systems of unit! a' >I system b' American engineering system c' C?> system

Base Units
Base Units @uantity .ength 9ass 9oles Time Temperature >I meter "ilogram gram7 mole second Aelvin >ymbol m "g mole s A American foot pound mass pound mole second Ban"ine >ymbol ft lbm lbmole s B C?> centimeter gram gram7mole second Aelvin >ymbol cm g mole s A

ultiple S! Units

9ultiple (nit $references tera %T' + giga %?' + mega %9' + "ilo %"' + , , , ,
4 1

centi %c' + milli %m' + micro %) =

, , , ,

71

7)

7*

nano %n' +

74

Derivatives S! Units
Derived S! Units "uantity Colume 0orce Unit .iter <ewton %>I' #yne %C?>' $ascal Doule Calorie /att Sym#ol . < Equivalent to the Base Unit ,.,, m) + ,,, cm) "g.m&s1 g.cm&s1

$ressure :nergy& /or" $ower

$a D cal /

<&m1 <.m + "g.m1&s1 2. 52 D +2. 52 "g.m1&s1 D&s + "g.m1&s)

$orce % Wei&ht
= =

0orce is proportional to product of mass and acceleration. (sually defined using derived units ; <ewton %<' + "g.m&s1 dyne + g.cm&s1 Ibf + )1. 62 Ibm.ft&s1 /eight of an obEect is force exerted on the obEect by gravitational attraction of the earth i.e. force of gravity, g. Calue of gravitational acceleration! g + 4.5,** m&s1 + 45,.** cm&s1 + )1. 62 ft&s1

$orce % Wei&ht
=

gc is used to denote the conversion factor from a natural force unit to a derived force unit.
gc + "g.m&s1 < + )1. 62 lbm.ft&s1 lbf

Wei&ht %
>ee this example!

ass

?iven the density of 1 ft) water is *1.2 lbm&ft). At the sea level, the gravitational acceleration is )1. 62 ft&s1. The mass of water is

The weight of water is

lbm 3 M = 62 . 4 ( 2 ft ) = 124.8lbm 3 ft
& Conversion factor

lbm 3 2 W = 62 . 4 2 ft 32 . 174 ft / s 3 ft

)(

1lb f 32.174lb ft / s 2 = 124.8lb f m

Si&nificant $i&ures and 'recision

Convenient way to represent very large and very small numbers is to use scientific notation. :g. 1),,,,,,,,+ .1) x ,5 ,.,,,,15 + 1.5 x ,72 >ignificant figures are the digits from the first nonzero digit on the left to! a' the last digit on the right %zero or nonzero' if there is a decimal point. b' the last nonzero digit if there is no decimal point. :g. 1.) x ,) %1 significant figures', 1.),,, x ,) %3 significant figures', 1.),2 x ,2 %2 significant figures', ).3 x ,71 %1 significant figures', ).3,, x ,71 %2 significant figures'

Try This(
$b 1.1 (se the table of conversion factor to convert a' 6*, miles&hr to m&s c' 3.)6 x ,) "D&min to hp b' 41 "g&m) to lbm&ft) $b. 1.5 Calculate! a' The weight in lbf of 13.,7lbm obEect. b' The mass in "g of an obEect that weighs 13 newtons. c' The weight in dynes of a ,7ton obEect.

What have you learned?