Chemical Formulae and Equation

B. The mole and the number of particles

The Concept of Mole

According to SI ( International System of Units) One mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12.000 g carbon-12, which is 6.02 x 1023 particles. 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles = 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 particles The value of 6.02 x 1023 also recognized as the Avogadro constant, NA.

Avogadro Constant
Avogadro Constant is defined as the number of particles in one mole of a substance which is 6.02 x 1023 mol1. This means: 1 mole of iron = 6.02 x 1023 iron atoms 1 mole of water = 6.02 x 1023 water molecules 1 mole of ammonia = 6.02 x 1023 ammonia molecules

Caution
The particles need to be carefully specified
ATOMIC SUBSTANCES All metal eg sodium, copper, iron All noble gases eg helium, argon, neon Certain non-metals element eg. carbon & silicon
MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES some non-metal element eg H2, O2, F2. Cl2, S8, P4 All covalent compound eg water and carbon dioxide. IONIC SUBSTANCES All ionic compounds eg. Sodium chloride, zinc bromide

Mole and the Number of Particles

Avogadro constant
Number of Mol Number of Particles

Avogadro constant

Example of Calculation 1
Calculate the number of particles contain

in 0.4 mol of chlorine atom .

Solution
Number of chlorine atom = number of moles x NA = 0.4 x 6.02 x 1023 = 2.408 x 1023 atom

Example of Calculation 2
Calculate the number of moles represented

by 1.204 x 1023 sodium atom. Solution:

The number of moles of sodium atom Number of sodium atom NA 23 1.204 10 6.02 10 23 0.2 mol

Example of Calculation 3
Calculate the number of molecules that

contain in 0.05 moles of iodine, I2 .

Solution:
The number of iodine, I2 molecule = number of moles x NA = 0.05 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules = 3.01 x 1022 molecules

Particles in Molecular Substance

( depends on
chemical formula )

NA
No. of moles molecular substance
No. of molecule

No of atom

NA

( depends on
chemical formula )

Particles in Ionic Substance

NA
No. of moles ionic
substance

( depends on
chemical formula )

No. of Unit

No of ions

NA

( depends on
chemical formula )

Example of Calculation 1
Calculate the number of fluorine atom contains in 0.3 mol of fluorine gas, F2.
Solution: The number of fluorine molecules, F2 = number of moles x NA = 0.3 x 6.02 x 1023 1 molecule of F2 = 2 fluorine atom The number of fluorine atom, F = 2 x 0.3 x 6.02 x 1023 = 3.612 x 1023

Example of Calculation 2
A sample of ammonia gas contains of 1.806 x 1024 molecules of ammonia. Calculate the number of a) moles of ammonia b)nitrogen atom c) Moles of hydrogen atom that contain in the sample

Solution
(a ) moles of NH 3molecules Number of NH 3 molecule NA 24 1.806 10 23 6.02 10 3 mol

Solution
(b) A molecule of ammonia, NH3 consists 1 nitrogen,N atom

Thus,

1.806 x 1024 molecules of ammonia consists 1.806 x 1024 nitrogen atom

Solution
(c) A molecule of ammonia, NH3 consists 3 hidrogen,H atom

1 mole of NH3 molecule 3 moles of H atom

3 moles of NH3 3 3 moles of H atom

9 moles of H atom

Example of Calculation 3
Calculate the number of hydroxide ions in 0.5 mole of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2.
Units of Mg(OH)2 = 0.5 x NA = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023 1 unit of Mg(OH)2 consists of 2 hydroxide(OH) ions Thus, Number of hydroxide ions, OH = 2 x 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023 = 6.02 x 1023