MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY

Chapter 4

Learning Objectives
Define and compute arithmetic mean, deviation score, median, mode, overall mean Understand the illustrative examples, do the practice problems and understands the solutions Contrast Central Tendency and Variability

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean
The mean is the Average of a group of numbers It is defined as the Sum of the scores divided by the number scores.

MEAN

AVERAGE

 In equation form,

Mean of sample

Mean of a population set of scores

STEPS

 Step 1: Add all the scores.

X: 20, 22, 28, 30, 37, 38 = 175

Sample Problem
Calculate the mean for each of the following sample sets of scores: a. X: 3, 5, 6, 8, 14

PROPERTIES OF THE MEAN

 1. The mean is sensitive to the exact value of all the scores in the distribution.

The Overall Mean

 Overall mean is equal to the sum of the mean of each group times the number of scores in the group, divided by the sum of the number of scores in each group.

Sample Problem
A researcher conducted an experiment involving three groups of the subjects. The mean of the first group was 75, and there were 50 subjects in the group. The mean of the second group was 80, and there were 40 subjects. The third group had a mean of 70 and 25 subjects. Calculate the overall mean of the three groups combined.

The Median
The median (symbol Mdn) is defined as the scale value below which 50% of the scores fall. The first step is always to put the numbers in order. The Median is the middle value on the list.

MEDIAN

MIDDLE

 The median is the centermost score if the number of scores is odd. If the number is even, the median is taken as the average of the two centermost scores.

Median Example
First, lets examine these five test scores. 78 93 86 97 79 We need to put them in order. 78 79 86 93 97 The number in the middle is 86 78 79 86 93 97 In this case, the Median is 86!

Median Example #2
Now, lets try it with an even number of test scores.

92

86

94

83

72

88
94

First, we will put them in order 72 83 86 88 92

This time, there are two numbers in the middle, 86 and 88 72 83 86 88 92 94

Now we will need to find the Average of these two numbers, by adding them and dividing by two. 86+88= 174 1742= 87

Here the Median is 87

Mode
The Mode refers to the number that occurs the most frequently. Its easy to remember the first two numbers are the same! MOde and MOst Frequently!

MODE

OCCURENCE

Mode Example
Here is an list of temperatures for one week. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. Sun. 77 79 83 77 83 77 82 Again, We will put them in order. 77 77 77 79 82 83 83 77 is the most frequent number, so the mode= 77

Unimodal and Bimodal

Unimodal
Only one Mode

Bimodal
Has two mode

Measures of Central Tendency and Symmetry

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

Range
The range is the difference between the highest and the lowest numbers of the series. All we have to do is put the numbers in order and subtract!

Range Example
Lets look at the temperatures again. 77 77 77 79 82 83 83

The highest number is 83, and the lowest is 77. All you need to do is subtract! 83-77= 6 In this case, the Range is 6

The Standard Deviation

A deviation score tells how far away the raw score is from the mean of its distribution.

Equation Form:
Sample data

X -

Population data

Steps:
1. Find the mean of the data. 2. Subtract the mean from each value called the deviation from the mean. 3. Square each deviation of the mean. 4. Find the sum of the squares. 5. Divide the total by the number of items result is the variance. 6. Take the square root of the variance result is the standard deviation.

Sample Problem
A different math class took the same test with these five test scores: 92,92,92,52,52. Find the standard deviation for this class.

Step 2: Find the deviation from the mean 92-76=16 92-76=16 92-76=16 52-76= -24 52-76= -24

 Step 4: Find the sum of the squares: 256+256+256+576+576= 1920

Quartile

The Variance

The Variance is a set of the scores is just

the square of the standard deviation.

Sample Problem
Calculate the standard deviation of the scores contained in the first column of the following:

X
1.2 1.4 1.5 1.44 1.96 2.25

Calculations of SS and s

1.7
1.9 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.8

2.89
3.61 4.00 4.84 5.76 6.25 7.84

3.0
3.3

9.00
10.89

N = 12

MCT

MV
STANDARD DEVIATION

MEAN
MEDIAN MODE

QUARTILE DEVIATION

RANGE

Now YOU try it!!!

This is the Stat Family!

Dad 34

Mom 33

Jack 5

Alex 5

Katie 1

Mean
Here are the ages again Dad- 34, Mom- 33, Jack- 5, Alex- 5, Katie- 1

What is the Mean?

Remember Mean is the AVERAGE Try it on your paper and see what you come up with!

Remember, to find the mean, we have to first add up all of the numbers. 34+33+5+5+1= 78 Then, since there are 5 people in the family, we next divide by 5. 15.6

Mean

785=

The Mean in this case is 15.6

Median
Here are the ages again Dad- 34, Mom- 33, Jack- 5, Alex- 5, Katie- 1 What is the Median? Remember Median is the MIDDLE NUMBER

Try it on your paper and see what you come up with!

Median
Remember, to find the mean, we have to first put all of the numbers in order. 34 33 5 5 1

The Mean in this case is 5

Mode
Here are the ages again Dad- 34, Mom- 33, Jack- 5, Alex- 5, Katie- 1 What is the Mode? Remember Mode is the MOST FREQUENT Try it on your paper and see what you come up with!

Mode
Remember, to find the mode, we have to first put all of the numbers in order. 34 33 5 5 1

The Mode in this case is 5

Range
Here are the ages again Dad- 34, Mom- 33, Jack- 5, Alex- 5, Katie- 1 What is the Range? Remember Range is the DIFFERENCE Try it on your paper and see what you come up with!

Range

Remember, to find the range, we have to first put all of the numbers in order. 34 33 5 5 1

The highest age is 34, and the lowest is 1 Now we need to subtract to find the difference 34-1= 33 The range is 33

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS