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Introduction to Quality

Imran Hussain

Project Development Costs


Around 63% of software projects exceed their cost estimates. The top four reasons for this are: Frequent requests for changes from users Overlooked tasks Users' lack of understanding of their own requirements Insufficient user-analyst communication and understanding (Communications of the ACM)

Finding Information

Users can only find information 42% of the time (Jared Spool)

Finding Items

62% of web shoppers give up looking for the item they want to buy online (Zona Research)

Lost Sales

50% of the potential sales from a site are lost because people cannot find the item they are looking for (Forrester Research)

Software Maintenance Costs

80% of software lifecycle costs occur after the product is released, in the maintenance phase of that work, 80 % is due to unmet or unforeseen user requirements; only 20 % is due to bugs or reliability problems.

(IEEE Software)

What is Quality?

Quality is conformance to specifications


(British Defense Industries Quality Assurance Panel)

Quality is conformance to requirements


(Philip Crosby)

Quality is fitness for purpose or use


(Juran)

Quality is a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability, at low cost and suited to the market
(Edward Deming)

Quality is synonymous with customer needs and expectations


(R J Mortiboys)

Quality is meeting the (stated) requirements of the customer- now and in the future
(Mike Robinson)

Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacturing and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations by the customer
(Armand Feigenbaum)

Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs
(ISO 8402 : 1994)

What is a Product?

Product

A generic term that refers to


Goods Services

Failure to meet quality requirements in either dimension can have serious negative consequences

Another definition

The extent to which a software product exhibits these characteristics


Functionality Reliability Usability Efficiency Maintainability Portability

Managing Quality

Project quality management must address both the management of the project and the product of the project
PMBOK

implied needs must be turned into requirements


PMBOK

What is a Grade?

A category or rank given to entities having the same functional use but different technical characteristics

Difference between Quality and Grade

Software Scenario 1
High quality (no bugs, readable manual) Low grade (limited number of features)

Software Scenario 2
Low quality (many bugs, poorly organized user documentation) High grade (numerous features)

Quality Management Issues

Customer satisfaction
Conformance to requirements Fitness for use

Prevention over inspection Management responsibility

Quality Management Issues

The application of a quality management system in managing a process to achieve maximum customer satisfaction at the lowest overall cost to the organization while continuing to improve the process

Quality Management

Includes the processes required to ensure that the project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken Includes all activities of the overall management function that determine the quality policy, objectives, and responsibilities

Quality Management Processes

Quality Planning Quality Assurance Quality Control

Quality Planning
Quality planning involves identifying which quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to satisfy them

Quality Assurance

Quality Assurance is all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the quality system to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.

Quality Control

Quality Control involves monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards, and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results

Prevention and Inspection

Prevention

Keeping errors out of the process


Keeping errors put of the hands of the customer.

Inspection

Some Misnomers and Misconceptions

QA Testing SQA QC

References

PMBOK An Introduction to Software Quality

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