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The induction motor essentially consists of two parts: Stator Rotor (i) The squirrel-cage rotor (ii)The wound (or slip ring) rotor.
STATOR
The supply is connected to the stator and the rotor received power by induction caused by the stator rotating flux, hence the motor obtains its name induction motor. The stator consists of a cylindrical laminated & slotted core placed in a frame of rolled or cast steel.
The frame provides mechanical protection and carries the terminal box and the end covers with bearings.
ROTOR
The rotor consists of a laminated and slotted core tightly pressed on the shaft. There are two general types of rotors: The squirrel-cage rotor The wound (or slip ring) rotor. In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminium bars placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding and for the same number of poles is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft.
ADVANTAGES Its simple High Reliability Low cost High Efficiency Less maintenance
DIS-ADVANTAGE
Speed is not constant when load varied Low starting torque compared to DC shunt motor Reduction in efficiency when speed is varied
Low Starting Torque No Slip Rings, Brush, Gears Cheaper Minimum Maintenance
Higher Efficiency No Speed Control Needs Starter Higher Starting Current
Higher Starting Torque Extra Slip Rings , brush ,gear Higher Cost Higher Degree Of Maintenance Lower Efficiency Speed Controlled Can Be Started Directly Lesser Starting Current
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
3 PHASE SUPPLY GIVEN TO STATOR WINDING CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH STATOR WINDINGTHIS IS STATOR CURRENT. PRODUCES MAGNETIC FIELD BETWEEN STATOR AND ROTOR.
MAGNETIC FIELD ROTATES AT SYNCHRONOUS SPEED EMF IS INDUCED INTERACTION OF STATOR AND ROTOR DEVELOPS TORQUE TORQUE ROTATES IN SAME DIRECTION AS ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD FREQUENCY OF ROTOR EMF IS EQUAL TO SUPPLY FREQUENCY AS ROTOR SPEED INCREASES > FREQUENCY OF ROTOR EMF AND MAGNITUDE OF ROTOR EMF DECREASES.
ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
In an induction motor rotor speed is always less than the synchronous speed. Therefore this machine is called asynchronous machine. SLIP SPEED The difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed is called slip speed. Slip speed = Ns- N Slip = (Ns- N)/Ns N= Ns(1-S) % slip = [(Ns- N)/Ns]X 100
Advantage Cheaper Light Weight Higher Efficiency Less Maintenance Disadvantage Moderate Starting Torque Starting Torque Cannot Be Controlled Applications Used In Lathes, Drilling Machines, Fans, Blowers, Water Pumps, Grinders, Printing Machines
Advantage Starting Torque Can Be Controlled By Varying Rotor Circuit Resistance Speed Of Motor Can Also Be Controlled By Varying Rotor Circuit Resistance Disadvantage Wound Rotor Machine Is Heavier High Cost High Rotor Inertia High Speed Limitation Maintenance And Reliability Problem Due To Brushes And Slip Rings Applications Lifts , Cranes , Elevators , Compressors Etc.
SLIP FREQUENCY
Frequency Of Rotor Induced Emf In An Induction Motor Is Equal To The Product Of Slip And Supply Frequency. This Is Called As Slip Frequency.
fr = [Relative speed in rpm] / [120/p] = [Ns - N] / [120/p] Slip, S = [Ns - N] / Ns Ns N = S Ns = S X (120 f /P) Rotor frequency, fr = S X (120 f /P) X (P/ 120) fr = Sf
Rotor Frequency Magnitude Of Rotor Induced Emf Rotor Reactance Rotor Power Factor
Rotor Current
EFFECT OF SLIP ON ROTOR CURRENT I2 = Rotor current/phase on standstill condition I2 = E2 per phase / Z2 per phase I2 = E2 / +
I2r = SE2 / + Value of slip depends on speed in turn depends on load on motor